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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association of Greater Lowell, Inc. Collection, 1992-2014
Description
An account of the resource
This collection is in progress. Final items and associated metadata may be different from initial items and metadata. <br /><br />Note:<br />Digitized issues of <em>Khmer Lowell</em> and <em>CMAA Lowell Magazine</em> from the Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association of Greater Lowell, Inc. Collection have been added to the Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association of Greater Lowell, Inc. Publications, 1997-2007 Omeka collection so that issues of <em>Khmer Lowell</em> and <em>CMAA Lowell Magazine</em> may visually appear together when browsing in Omeka.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A photograph of a child in a classroom, 1993-1994?
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
<span>A photograph of a child in a classroom. She appears to be sitting on a chair behind a large box. Only her head and shoulders are available. The back of the photograph has the following handwritten information: "Crystal". This photograph was taken at the Komar Daycare Center at the Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association. </span><br /><br />Please comment on this item or email us at <a href="mailto:seada@uml.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seada@uml.edu</a> if you can identify the people, the date, and/or the context of this photo. Include the URL or identifier and the names of the people you can identify.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association of Greater Lowell, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1993-1994?
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/tiff; 1 photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml22_album_01_i171
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1990-1999
Photographs
-
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PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Chigas, George. Photographs from Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia, circa 1980-1989
Description
An account of the resource
This photograph collection covers George Chigas’ time working at the Philippine Refugee Processing Center and his visits to Thailand-Cambodia border refugee camps in 1989. The collection is organized into four series: Philippine Refugee Processing Center, Khao I Dang refugee camp (also known as Khao I Dang Holding Center), Site II (Site Two) refugee camp, and a set of photographs taken by Dr. Jaimie Robertson in the early 1980s. <br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site.<br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10</a>. <br /><br /><strong>Statement on Refugee Camp Collections </strong><br />Read the statement, <a href="https://www.uml.edu/Research/SEA-digital-archive/about/refugee-camp-collections-statement.aspx" target="_blank" title="Read the statement" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.uml.edu/Research/SEA-digital-archive/about/refugee-camp-collections-statement.aspx</a>. <br /><br /><br />---------------------------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Etsuko Benton and Monita Chea. <br /><br />SEADA would like to thank George Chigas for his help with describing photographs, including dating photographs; identifying individuals, objects, and locations featured in photographs; and providing context for these photographs.
Relation
A related resource
The collection finding aid, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10</a>.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Chigas, George. Photographs from Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia, circa 1980-1989. UML 10. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A photograph of boats with Vietnamese refugees arriving at Site II, [1980-1989]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Refugee camps--Thailand
Refugees--Southeast Asia
Site II (Thailand : Refugee camp)
Description
An account of the resource
A photograph of boats with Vietnamese refugees arriving in a port at Site II refugee camp. This photograph was taken in the early 1980s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Roberston, Jaimie
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Chigas, George. Photographs of Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1980-1989]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/tiff; 1 photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
pa eb s2 036
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Thailand
1980-1989
Photographs
Vietnamese
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�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Chigas, George. Photographs from Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia, circa 1980-1989
Description
An account of the resource
This photograph collection covers George Chigas’ time working at the Philippine Refugee Processing Center and his visits to Thailand-Cambodia border refugee camps in 1989. The collection is organized into four series: Philippine Refugee Processing Center, Khao I Dang refugee camp (also known as Khao I Dang Holding Center), Site II (Site Two) refugee camp, and a set of photographs taken by Dr. Jaimie Robertson in the early 1980s. <br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site.<br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10</a>. <br /><br /><strong>Statement on Refugee Camp Collections </strong><br />Read the statement, <a href="https://www.uml.edu/Research/SEA-digital-archive/about/refugee-camp-collections-statement.aspx" target="_blank" title="Read the statement" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.uml.edu/Research/SEA-digital-archive/about/refugee-camp-collections-statement.aspx</a>. <br /><br /><br />---------------------------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Etsuko Benton and Monita Chea. <br /><br />SEADA would like to thank George Chigas for his help with describing photographs, including dating photographs; identifying individuals, objects, and locations featured in photographs; and providing context for these photographs.
Relation
A related resource
The collection finding aid, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10</a>.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Chigas, George. Photographs from Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia, circa 1980-1989. UML 10. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A photograph of boats with Vietnamese refugees arriving at Site II, [1980-1989]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Refugee camps--Thailand
Refugees--Southeast Asia
Site II (Thailand : Refugee camp)
Description
An account of the resource
A photograph of boats with Vietnamese refugees arriving in a port at Site II refugee camp. This photograph was taken in the early 1980s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Roberston, Jaimie
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Chigas, George. Photographs of Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1980-1989]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/tiff; 1 photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
pa eb s2 035
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Thailand
1980-1989
Photographs
Vietnamese
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Chigas, George. Photographs from Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia, circa 1980-1989
Description
An account of the resource
This photograph collection covers George Chigas’ time working at the Philippine Refugee Processing Center and his visits to Thailand-Cambodia border refugee camps in 1989. The collection is organized into four series: Philippine Refugee Processing Center, Khao I Dang refugee camp (also known as Khao I Dang Holding Center), Site II (Site Two) refugee camp, and a set of photographs taken by Dr. Jaimie Robertson in the early 1980s. <br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site.<br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10</a>. <br /><br /><strong>Statement on Refugee Camp Collections </strong><br />Read the statement, <a href="https://www.uml.edu/Research/SEA-digital-archive/about/refugee-camp-collections-statement.aspx" target="_blank" title="Read the statement" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.uml.edu/Research/SEA-digital-archive/about/refugee-camp-collections-statement.aspx</a>. <br /><br /><br />---------------------------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Etsuko Benton and Monita Chea. <br /><br />SEADA would like to thank George Chigas for his help with describing photographs, including dating photographs; identifying individuals, objects, and locations featured in photographs; and providing context for these photographs.
Relation
A related resource
The collection finding aid, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10</a>.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Chigas, George. Photographs from Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia, circa 1980-1989. UML 10. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A photograph of refugee families standing along a barbed-wire fence, [1980-1989]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Refugees--Southeast Asia
Description
An account of the resource
A photograph of refugee families standing along the barbed-wire perimeter fence of an unknown Thailand refugee camp. This photograph was taken in the early 1980s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Roberston, Jaimie
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Chigas, George. Photographs of Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1980-1989]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/tiff; 1 photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
pa eb s2 034
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Thailand
1980-1989
Photographs
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Chigas, George. Photographs from Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia, circa 1980-1989
Description
An account of the resource
This photograph collection covers George Chigas’ time working at the Philippine Refugee Processing Center and his visits to Thailand-Cambodia border refugee camps in 1989. The collection is organized into four series: Philippine Refugee Processing Center, Khao I Dang refugee camp (also known as Khao I Dang Holding Center), Site II (Site Two) refugee camp, and a set of photographs taken by Dr. Jaimie Robertson in the early 1980s. <br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site.<br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10</a>. <br /><br /><strong>Statement on Refugee Camp Collections </strong><br />Read the statement, <a href="https://www.uml.edu/Research/SEA-digital-archive/about/refugee-camp-collections-statement.aspx" target="_blank" title="Read the statement" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.uml.edu/Research/SEA-digital-archive/about/refugee-camp-collections-statement.aspx</a>. <br /><br /><br />---------------------------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Etsuko Benton and Monita Chea. <br /><br />SEADA would like to thank George Chigas for his help with describing photographs, including dating photographs; identifying individuals, objects, and locations featured in photographs; and providing context for these photographs.
Relation
A related resource
The collection finding aid, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml10</a>.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Chigas, George. Photographs from Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia, circa 1980-1989. UML 10. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A photograph of a man and child, [1980-1989]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
A photograph of a man and a child at an unknown Thailand-Cambodia border refugee camp or settlement. This photograph was taken in the early 1980s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Roberston, Jaimie
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Chigas, George. Photographs of Refugee Camps in Southeast Asia
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1980-1989]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/tiff; 1 photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
pa eb s2 033
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Thailand
1980-1989
Photographs
-
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0
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0
A CONTEMPORARY VIEW BY JAMES HIGGINS
Foreword by Senator Paul E. Tsongas
�I
�I
�I
�A CONTEMPORARY VIEW BY JAMES HIGGINS
MILL TOWN GRAPH ICS
�I
Published by:
Mill Town Graphi cs
PO. Box 2168
Highlands Station
Lowell, Ma. 0 1851
Copyright
©
1983 by James Higgi ns
Poem on page 26 "The Old Worthen' first appeared in Apple Tree Review
8,
© 1982 by Paul Marion. Reprinted by permission of autho r. Poem on page
11 6 ' Monument to Misery' fi rst appeared in a limited edition pamphlet
entitled Maine to Califomia, © 1983 by Paul Marion.
All rights reserved . N o part of th is book ma y be used or reproduced in any
manner whatsoever without th e written permission of the publi sher except
in the case of brief excerpts for use in criti ca l articles o r reviews.
Library of Congress Catalogi ng in Publication Data
Higgi ns, James
Lowell, a contemporary view
1. Lowell (Mass.)- Descripti o n- Views. I. Tltle.
F74.L9H57 1983 974.4 ' 4
Library o f Congress Catalog Card Number 83-62536
ISBN 0-914613-03 -0
Design by Joa n Ross
Printed by Merca ntile Printi ng Company
Printed in th e Un ited States of Ameri ca
�FOREWORD
Lowell is the story of proud, enduring and diverse
people. The city's architecture is a testament to the
genius of those who capitalized on the great potential
they saw in the enormous hydro resource of the Merrimack River. Together today, the turn of the century
architecture and the present day people form contemporary Lowell-still a city of diversity: ethnically,
socioeconomically, and culturally.
Yet there is a commonality among Lowellians
which is an emotional forte; and that is the desire to
push ahead for progress. Collectively the result has
been an innovative effort to redefine Lowell's place in
contemporary times. The twilight that once paled the
city is giving way to a bright new spirit of progress. The
hope for opportunities that drew nineteenth century
immigrants to Lowell now draws twentieth century
immigrants to Lowell. Native Lowellians, whose rightful despair in the historical ebb of the lost textile industry cannot be denied, see the glimmer of rekindled
hope and faith in the future .
Lowell today is a vibrant community of people
who reflect the city's rich human heritage. Lowen A Carrtemporary View frames the spirit of the city.
~C';:;-
�I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
For their help and support I thank the following: Walter
Hickey, Alex Kidaloski, Louis Karabatsos, Ed Dows, Carol
Kierstead, the Lowell National and State Parks, Martha Mayo
and Catherine Quinn at the University of Lowell, Sam
Crayton, ]im St. Clair, Ray LaPorte, Leo Panas,
and the Lowell Art Association.
I thank Cary Curwitz of Mercantile Printing for being
a nice guy
I wish to express my thanks to the good people on the
staff of the Lowell Historic Preservation Commission for their
continuing support of my work.
I am also grateful to Roland LaRochelle, my ·passport to the
mills", for his support and his genuine kindness and enthusiasm.
This book was supported in part by a grant from the
Massachusetts Arts Lottery Council, as administered by the
Lowell Arts Council. I thank them for helping me
bring this book to the public.
�INTRODUCTION
The Lowell of U .S. history books is the city that
was planned for the purpose of mass-producing cotton
cloth through an ingenious combination of hydropower
and the integrated factory system . Founded in the first
half of the 19th century, Lowell quickly became world
famous. After prosperity and growth came decline and
despair. The future bleak, Lowell, like other old New
England mill towns, was labeled "a depressed area". But a
blend of inspiration, hard work, good timing, and political savvy transformed the community Once again the
city drew national attention as a model-this time an
example of revival.
The most dramatic of recent events occurred in
1978, when the Congress established Lowell National
Historical Park, declaring Lowell the most appropriate
place to tell the story of how the Industrial Revolution
began in America. Now the "new" Lowell overlaps the
old. As a tour guide in a canal boat explains the tech-
nology of 1826, companies upstream imagine the
technology of 1996.
A mill city whose fame is grounded in work,
Lowell remains a city of workers. It's not a rich or fancy
place, for the most part, yet it has a solid, no-nonsense
kind of attractiveness. And a further look, lit with inspiration, shows the real beauty in its design. There is very
little that is pretentious about this city You have to like
Lowell to love it.
In the 1800's thousands of new people came to
Lowell to work, determined to make a living in
America. That diverse pool created Lowell's personality
The cultures met and clashed and coalesced-a microcosm of the nation. The trend continues with Hispanic,
Southeast Asian, and a mixture of European families.
The faces in these photographs speak for themselves.
The people are no more ordinary than they are
spectacular.
Paul Marion
�TO ELI, JESSE, AND ANNA
I
�A CONTEMPORARY VIEW
I
�LOWELL, MASSACHUSETIS
Location : Northeastern Massachusetts
Population: Approximately 93,000
Main Industry: Computer electronics
�3
�LOWELL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK
'The first summer that we gave tours, one of the first questions
a visitor would ask was, "where's the park?"-when they were
standing in the park. l'here are no boundaries that are visible.
In a very real sense the city of Lowell is the park. This is a
difficult concept for people whose image of a national park
is Yosemite or Yellowstone."
-Maude Salinger-
�5
�RESTORATION OF THE WANNALANCIT MILLS
This former textile mill is now the site of the Wannalancit
Office and Technology Center. "You come in and see this thing
in its grubbiest state, with the oil stained floors and cotton
dust, and then turn it all around. It's much more satisfying
than building new buildings."
-Mal FryerDobroth & Fryer
�7
�CULBERT'S VARIETY AND GIFf SHOP
"One of the best things about having our own store is that
we're in contact with the neighbors. Some of the regular
customers come in to talk and they talk in French,
especially the older ones . We love Pawtucketville.
We have a real neighborhood store and feel that
the people like our being here."
-Florette Culbert-
�9
�LOWELL BOYS CLUB
"It was founded in 1900 with the purpose of offering
boys adult guidance while they were growing up.
The club felt that those kids, whose parents
mostly worked in the mills and lived in low income
housing, could use the assistance. Our focus
today has not changed greatly from that.
We're primarily a jock image. But it's a big facade,
a come on to bring the kids in. We have to be
more attractive than the streets ."
- lack GlazebrookExecutive Director
��BRIDGE STREET TO KEARNEY SQUARE
•rt's kind of lonely, like an outpost out here at night.'
- Arthur PetrenA&L Taxi
�13
�RIALTO THEATER MARQUEE
A bowling alley now occupies the interior of the Rialto
Theater. "I used to play the Rialto once a month. We had a trio
called the ]ivin' Joes', we impersonated the Ink Spots. I have
three sons, they're all on the road now, playing in a band ."
-Owen Matthews-
�15
�BEAUTY CONTEST, PUERTO RICAN FESTIVAL,
NORTH COMMON
"We started the festival because we wanted to let them know
who we are, what our culture is. We are U .S. citizens."
- lose Nieves-
16
�SALO~
SOCIA
SALONICA SOCIAL CLUB
'The club is important to the new immigrant who needs a
place to socialize. We have over a hundred members. They
come down to play pinochle, casino and backgammon .
On Saturdays we cook a meal.
It's a social club, a benevolent club."
- Tarsey Georges-
17
�BELMONT STREET RESIDENCE
'The owner told us that a builder wanted to tear the house
down , sell the mantles, sell everything and build condos here.
She didn't want that to happen so she sold the house to us."
-Zen and Sue Mierzwa-
�19
�THE NEW ENGLAND GOLDEN GLOVES,
LOWELL MEMORIAL AUDITORIUM
'There's not many places for these kids to go for amateur
boxing and for a lot of them, it's their only way out. With the
exception of Madison Square Garden, we're the largest amateur
boxing show on the east coast. When a kid walks down the
aisle from Liberty Hall and up that red carpet, he's got 4000
sets of eyes on him. When he walks into that ring, he's in the
same ring as Marciano, Hagler, and Sugar Ray Leonard. They
all fought here. The Gloves are a tradition in Lowell. It's lasted
for 38 years and it'll last for another 38 years."
- Norman LombardiNew England Golden Gloves Director
�21
�THE SHARPE FAMILY
Ruth Ann is a member of the Board of Directors at
Community Teamwork, Inc. and is president of their elderly
program . "I've been working in Lowell for 41 years. I started in
the Merrimack Mills and when they closed down, I went to
the shoe factory on Jackson Street."
- Ruth Ann Sharpe-
�23
�RESTORATION OF THE MARKET MILLS
'There were two fires there and the City Council had at one
point a motion on its agenda to tear it down. It was like the
phoenix that rose up from the ashes."
- Fred Fau stLowell Historic Preservation Commission
�25
�THE OLD WORTHEN
•.. . this creaking tavern scribbled with slogans of mill rats,
rock 'n rollers, mind guerillas, unknown poets, love-nuts,
wild card jokers, the whole shootin' match-and there near
a window scratched big with flair, 'Edgar Allan Poe loves Mary
Carr,' no doubt scrawled the night El Raven allegedly slept in
the back hall, a legend session like the day Kerouac held court
or the secret time Dylan's party locked the door or last week
when some guy waved a pistol .. :
�27
�JAR STATUE
&
DRAPE SHOP
·1 go to New York to buy the dolls. They're all handmade
and I sell every one."
-Louis Ayala-
�29
�HYDRO GENERATOR, MAIN POWER, BOOTT MILLS
Canal powered hydro generators still contribute to Lowell's
power supply. The power used to go directly to the mills but
today it's fed into a common grid for distribution throughout
the city.
�31
�W).
HOARE SEAFOODS
"Years ago everybody ate fish on Fridays. Now they eat meat.
It's hurt the business. In some rich districts, like Belmont, the
business has stayed the same because they know that fish is
beneficial to their health. But places like Lowell and Lawrence,
the mill towns, people have been eating fish for so many years
on Fridays that when they had a chance to eat meat, they
stuck with it."
-Bill Hoare-
��WORLD OF GAMES VIDEO ARCADE
34
�ENTRY TO THE NOW VACANT SUFFOLK KNITTING COMPANY
35
�WANG LABORATORIES
"[ came from an area with not much future in this kind of
work. When I started at Wang, I enrolled in in-house training
and graduated from the twilight tech program . There's a lot of
opportunity here."
-Elaine Vohar-
�---3'7
�FISHER RECITAL HALL, UNIVERSITY OF LOWELL
"I would like to see a program that deliberately attempts to
wed high technology to the study of music at this college.
Nowhere are we taught the complete concept of technology
and the Arts to prepare us for beyond the year 2000.
In a sense we could become pioneers."
- Gerald LloydDean, College of Music
�39
�CARMELA TYMOWICZ
Carmela standing with her Mother's Day present from her
husband Joe. "I brought Carmela over from Italy in '51 and
three months later she was working in the mills. Everything
was rough but nobody was sad. Just like on TV with our
old friend 'no welfare' Archie Bunker."
-Joe Tymowicz-
�41
�MASSACHUSETTS MILLS STAIRWAY
Workers have been treading these stairs for more than 140
years. "They were all beginning to sag. I had to reinforce them
with channel irons running top to bottom and an angle iron
for every stairway."
- Walter Coan-
�43
�EL SHOW SIN NOMBRE
The show without a name airs weekly on Sunday afternoons,
sponsored by WJUL, Unitas, and the Lowell Arts Council.
�45
�SOFfBALL UMPIRES, HENRY ALLEN PARK
"We have rules and interpretation meetings, clinics, and annual
test. We're a professionally run organization. It's a lot better for
the umpires to know the rules than to play the game over."
-Charles Shlimon-
�47
�ELENI BLETSIS
"She doesn't speak any English. She came over from Greece
after her husband died because the rest of the family were
here. Her two sons own Star Pizza downtown ."
- Eleni Bletsis-PitarysNiece
�49
�CARDOSO'S DENTAL LABORATORY
50
�ALEX'S SHOE SHINE PARLOR
51
�THE MERRIMACK RIVER
'The river is a lot cleaner today than 10, 15 years ago. A lot of
these murky strea ms that were contributing their mess into the
Merrimack have been diverted to waste water plants. Trout
and salmon are being stocked in the river now. Before, they
never would have survived."
-Charlie PanagiotakosWater Chemist
�53
�DAY CARE VOLUNTEER, SALVATION ARMY
"It's not common for us to get many teenage volunteers."
-Major Robert DriesSalvation Army
�55
�SUNNY AND TOM DOWLING
Sunny and Tom live in the Jonathan Bowers 'Round House' on
Wannalancit Street, built in 1872 by the owner of a carriage
factory and amusement park. "One day in November, 1970,
I was looking through the Boston Globe and saw a listing
under Castles. It was the only one."
- Sunny Dowling-
�57
�NATIONAL PARK TROLLEY
When I applied for thi s job, one of the questions on the
application was, "why should we hire you?" I told them that
I was interested in trains ever since I was a kid . I used to go
to Lowell High and every time the swi tch engine came down
the track, I'd go sharpen my pencil by the window
and watch the train go by."
-Moose the Motorman-
�59
�DUBLINER ROAD RACE
60
�TOUR DE LOWELL BICYCLE RACE
61
�THE HUL FAMILY
'The Communists took away our culture, turned it into a
paga n culture. If we stay outside of Cambodia nobody will
starve us, cheat us, or force us to lose our freedom. We think
about what happened . We think about our future ."
-Narung Hul-
�63
�MERRIMACK VALLEY VIETNAM VETERANS, INC
"There are 9 men from the Merrimack Valley area that are still
missing over there. This war will never be over until all
American personnel are accounted for:
- Ron Gleason-
�65
�LUNCH TIME AT THE GRACE SHOE COMPANY
�67
�YWCA
"We do advocacy work, outreach work into the
neighborhoods. People who don't have much money to teach
their children how to swim can come here. It's affordable. This
is a whole new direction for the YWCA. Before, we were
always considered upper middle class."
-Virginia BurchellProgram Director
�69
�DON'S BARGAIN CENTER
"''m honest, I won't sell a piece of junk. I specialize in
religious merchandise. I'm a born again Christian.
Sometimes I witness to people, if they want to hear it.
My attitude is live and let live."
-Donald 1. Snow-
�71
�HALLJSSY CHEVROLET
"We've built our business on owner loyalty and trust."
- Peter Hallissy-
�73
�PRINTED PRODUCTS, BOOTI MILLS
"We do silkscreening on tee shirts and children's clothes.
A lot of kids' stuff like 'Strawberry Shortcake' and 'Care Bear'
are big right now ."
-M ike Baratta-
74
�MASSACHUSETIS COTION MILLS PAY TAG
Fo und in the Massachusetts Mills by a night watchman .
75
�THE PEARSON FAMILY
John Pearson Sr. (far left) and his son, John Pearson Jr. (far
right) are partners in both a downtown law practice and the
B.F. Butler Cooperative Bank. These are among the few family
businesses left in Lowell that are third generation .
�77
�ELEVEN EIGHTY-ONE MIDDLESEX STREET
"It was known as 'Honolulu Brown'. There's seven apartments
in there now. I've tried to hold onto the decor and the
woodwork inside but it has been difficult. It's not the best
economic set-up because of the high ceilings but it's a beautiful
example of America's history:"
- Leon LavalleePresen t Owner
�79
�FLORENCE AND RICHARD MARION
'The Arts should be part of everyday living, but
today you can't even promote Art education in
school because it's expendable:
-Richard MarionPainter
�81
�THE HAMILTON CANAL
The Courier Corporation located its corporate headquarters
here in the former Hamilton Cotton Mills. 'The canal provides
a nice backdrop. It's part of the flavor of Lowell and is one of
the reasons why companies decide to have their headquarters
in a mill building."
- Mary Gail McCarthyCourier Corporation
�83
�JERRY'S ARMY
&
NAVY STORE
"When we opened in 1955 there were lines of people waiting
to get in, and police out front for the crowd. There were no
shopping centers then. It's not like that today of course. If it
wasn't for the jean trade, we might as well give it up.
Thank Cod for jeans."
-Myron EisenManager
�85
�CASA I RADIO GIFT SHOP
"Most of the records are modern Portuguese and Brazilian, but
they have that American beat in there."
- John GoesOwner
�87
�MILL AND CANAL TOUR AT
PAWTUCKET GATE HOUSE
"State rangers that play the part of interpreters, dress in
period costumes. We take people out of history and
draw them back to tell their story It's living history"
- Dorothy lugLowell Heritage State Park
�89
�SAMPAS PAVILION CONCERT, OCTOBERFEST
"More than ten organizations got together to bring this cultural
event to the community. It's the epitome of cooperation
between the public and private sectors. They're all volunteers.
None of these people got paid except the two guys
who lugged the piano over there."
-Dick TaffeLowe/1 Regatta Foundation
�91
�ST PATRICK'S CHURCH AND
HOLY TRINITY CHURCH
A rare juxtaposition of Romanesque and Byzantine
architecture.
�93
�CIAVIS MARKET
"We get a better mixture, a healthier mixture of people
coming in here now. We specialize in Creek ethnic foods
but more non-Creeks are buying them. They come in and
ask for items that only Creeks would ask for years ago,
like pignolia nuts, chestnuts, or rose water."
- Bill Giavis-
�95
�MOTORCYCLE RIDERS
"We don't belong to any gtoup. That's the beauty of being
independent riders, you don't get harassed every time you turn
a corner."
- Vinnie Boulanger-
96
�DERBY PARK RESTAURANT
'The glass rack and bar bottom were made out of 90 year old
doors, 175 of them, that came from old tenement blocks in
Lowell. We tried to use as much historical stuff as possible to
create a rustic look, a mill town look ."
- Larry Beland-
97
�MIDWAY, PAWTUCKET BOULEVARD
�99
�THE GILMORE TRUST BUILDING
�10 1
�ZBEIDE'S MIDDLE EASTERN DANCING
'There's not many people doing sword dancing, it requires a lot
of skill. People think we have them glued on our heads."
- Helen Perry-
�103
�BOILER ROOM, BOOTT MILLS CORPORATION
"In the summertime it gets up to 120, 130 degrees in here.
But you got to get the job done. If the boilers stop working,
the company's out money."
-Ernie Boudreau-
�105
�BUDDHIST CEREMONY, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE
106
�SHAUGHNESSY TERRACE HOUSING PROJECT
107
�MEMORIAL HALL, POLLARD MEMORIAL LIBRARY
Lydia Howard has served as a catalyst and chief fundraiser for
the restoration of Memorial Hall. "I got into this because of
Urban Renewal. People in Lowell were being put out of stores
and homes. It was terrible, they were tearing down everything."
- Lydia Howard-
�109
�CITY OF LOWELL WORKERS
·Franky and I were brought up together, we chum
together. I was on a dozer for 19 years before I went
on the sweeper. Franky's been here 24 years.
We used to do the streets downtown after midnight,
but not anymore. We used to see some
beautiful things at night."
-Tom Brady-
�111
�THE FRENCH CONNECTION
Armand Mercier, Armand Lemay, and Norman Ayotte,
prominent in Lowell's politics, business, and development.
W e're three good friends . We played on the same semi-pro
baseball team in '5 1. Our roots, our family ties are in this city.
We'll be here for awhile:
- Armand Mercier-
�11 3
�BOOTI MILLS
The superstructure of Lowell's heavy industrial period is
everywhere, evidence of the once massive scale of production.
�115
�JACKSON STREET MILL
child labor
peasant pay
deadly air
slave hours
sweatshop
that's what mills
will always mean
to some of us,
no matter how many
postcards sell
�11 7
�HARVEY'S BOOKLAND
Harvey Bisson worked ten years in the Lawrence
Manufacturing Company mill before turning his hobby, books,
into a livelihood. "I've seen so many businesses come and go
on this street, but little Harvey is still here. Just say that I've
been here 22 years and will be here forever. I'm a survivor ...
the secret is to think great dreams, even if you can't
reach them . I figure when we go to heaven, I'll have the
biggest bookstore there."
- Harvey Bisson-
�11 9
�THE LAURENCIO FAMILY
"In Portugal, my father made medicine out of seaweed and sold
it to the hospitals. Here he makes his own wine and cider. He
works in the Lowell Cemetery during the week and fi shes on
weekends. He worked hard to bring all of us here:
- Freddie Laurencio-
�121
�PAWTUCKET FALLS
It all comes back to this ...
�123
���ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jim lives in Lowell and works professionally as an architectural
and doc umentary ph o togra pher. Hi s wo rk has included
commissions to document many major development projects in
the area. Through a grant from the U .S. Department of the
Interior, Jim has published a series of photographic posters about
Lowell. H e is currently finishing work on a book illustrating the
cultural aspects of Ulster and the Republic of Ireland .
••
M ILL TOW N GRAPHICS
ISBN 0-914613-03-0
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Higgins, James (Jim). Lowell Books Collection, 1983-1997
Description
An account of the resource
The James Higgins book collection includes 2 copies each of 3 books related to Lowell and the Lowell area Cambodian and larger Southeast Asian communities. <br /><br />The collection is completely accessible on this site. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7</a>.<br /><br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Julia Huynh, and Chornai Pech.
Source
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Higgins, James (Jim). Lowell Books Collection, 1983-1997. UML 7. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Relation
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The collection finding aid, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7</a>.
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Title
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Lowell, A Contemporary View photobook, 1983
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Massachusetts--Lowell
Lowell (Mass.)--Pictorial works
Description
An account of the resource
"Lowell, A Contemporary View" is a photography book of Lowell, Massachusetts by James Higgins with a foreward by Senator Paul E. Tsongas.
Creator
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Higgins, James
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Higgins, James (Jim). Lowell Books Collection
Publisher
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Mill Town Graphics
Date
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1983
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UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rights holders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
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136 p.; 27 x 27
Language
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English
Type
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Text
Identifier
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uml7_b01_f03_i001
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Books
Photobooks
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/37070/archive/files/8d6c1e26df219d7c20b2adff4de1283d.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=H2T9gD5AmJ5sMg8CzH60pgXfMld4pL0o2lpIe7igv74FkkoAvcUVNeJpBDYNZYYZHKRZG8N%7E85rgG4hp7xrPr8LghKIDApZWZ-MkwofNEpTqIVSOa2TYKEzNuVuhEjqj%7E6qk1OqmKqtWCXJ6AzOxai3cMdNk4azFtJtXUHPePMDLnN%7Ee9uONHro51PtS3RuTpaxihHjP%7ElgBgzPKPGC7d2tlOooGubqj2pVniJ-TrF-UwF4KYOnM368Q2pjn-tUH9CSWX0EA1uFrUWxXxU2ujnXQ1yKD%7Ei9CNRQnaqI-PhKxJleCDzedtya8cA26XU-aYDxAcQNHPK4KAS758LeTCg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
8b423b0ef0b62825f0fc16a9202ceb25
PDF Text
Text
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Cambodia's Children of War
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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Cambodia's Children of War
·~
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James Higgins and Joan Ross
Foreword : Sova nn-Th ida Loeung
Introduction : Tuyet-Lan Pho
Essay: George Chigas
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�Copyright © 1997 by James Higgins and Joan Ross
All rights reserved . No part of this boo k may be reproduced
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval system, without the written
permission of the authors and publisher, except where
permitted by law.
ISBN : 0-931507-10-3
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing
Book design by Higgins & Ross
Photography by James Higgins
Tae Kwon Do photo courtesy of Rady Mom
Printed by Mercantile Printing Company
For information or to order add itional copies,
please contact:
Loom Press
P Box 1394
.O.
Lowell, MA 01853
This publication has been funded in part by grants from
the Chelmsford Cultural Council and the Lowell Cultural
Council, with support from the Massachusetts Cultural
Council, a state agency, and the National Endowment for
the Arts. Thank you .
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Sovann-Thida Loeung
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Tuyet-Lan Pho
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George Chigas
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The term "Fractured Identities" grew out of our listening to the stories of many Cambodian-American
young people as they expressed to us the double life they often lead: one with family, the other with friends.
"Cambodia's Children of War," the subtitle of this book, refers to those youths, now 18-22 years old,
some of whom, ten years ago, were pictured on the cover of Southeast Asians: A New Beginning in Lowell. The
cover photograph depicts the city's struggle to deal with the wave of refugees arriving from their homelands half
way around the world. These young adults, and their friends, are the subject of this book; they represent a large
part of Lowell's Cambodian-American community-the second largest in the United States.
The search for identity within a new culture has taken many of these young people in more than one
direction. The paths they have chosen to walk seem, at times, to depend on the individual's depth of exposure to
traditional Cambodian culture before 1975. At that time the Khmer Rouge came into power and obliterated the
country's rich past. As family traditions broke down in Cambodia, and later in the United States, many of these
young men and women lost respect for parental authority and felt a need to seek out other types of family structures. In some instances, gangs have come to compensate for loss of family. In other cases, religious organizations and community-based activities have filled this need. This book allows these young people to tell their own
stories in the ongoing struggle to cope with their fractured identities.
We are grateful to Sovann-Thida Loeung, Tuyet-Lan Pho, and George Chigas for the fine writing they have
prepared for this book. Their contributions have provided a larger picture for our documentary work.
fractured
identities/Cambodia's Children of War
1
�Sovann-Thida Loeung is an elementary school teacher and an instructor of traditional Cambodian dance.
In her foreword, she bears witness to the flow of history as it swept her family from their Cambodian village to
refugee camps in Thailand to Bataan in the Philippines, then on to Southern California and finally New England.
Tuyet-Lan Pho is currently Director of the Center for Diversity and Pluralism at the University of
Massachusetts Lowell. She maintains research interest in urban education and ethnic studies, and also teaches
graduate courses at the College of Education . Her introduction offers a larger gee-political perspective and adds a
rich social context to the subject of Southeast Asian youth. Since 1975, she has actively participated in the resettlement of refugees and immigrants in the U.S.
George Chigas is a specialist in Khmer literature and translation. His ground-breaking publications,
Resolute Heart and Cambodia's Lament, were among the first Khmer-English anthologies of contemporary Khmer
writings. His essay, about Sovann-Thida and her three brothers, is a meditation on survival, memory, and witness.
We would like to thank the following people and organizations for their participation and support in this
project: the Chelmsford Cultural Council; the Lowell Cultural Council; Caryl Dundorf and Charles Goldberg from
Middlesex Community College; Laurie Beth Kalb of the New England Folklife Center; Reverend David Malone and
members of the Eliot Presbyterian Church; the Lowell Streetworker Program; Rhea and Ken Gordon and the Young
Khmer Women from the Lowell Mission Center; and Phousita Huy and Thoeun Thou of the Angkor Dance Troupe.
We also wish to thank the following: Chhouk and her extended family of friends; Ry and the Veth family; Mr. Yang of
Le Petit Cafe, Lepor, Tony, Sothom, Samnang, Saroeup, Hai Pho, Lynn and Fred Faust, Martha Norkunas, Erica
Hazard, Pat Pestana, Ellen Sullivan, Gail Weinstein, Rosemary Noon, Ruth Page, Scott Glidden, and Rady Mom.
A special thanks to Paul Marion of Loom Press, our publisher, for the many hours he spent helping us
pull together all the pieces; to Gary Gurwitz, from Mercantile Printing Company in Worcester, who is responsible
for the fine printing of this book; and to Chan Snguon who allowed us to reprint his poetry-so powerful in its
message to the youth community.
2
fractured
identities/Cambodia's Children of War
�Pam Putney's friendship and encouragement has meant so much to us, as it has to the many people
whose lives she has touched while going about her valuable work in the field of women's health care in countries
around the world. We are sure that her current work in Cambodia will play an important role in the lives of many
Cambodian women.
We are deeply grateful to everyone who shared their life stories and opened their homes to us in the
past few years as we documented the changes and growth among the young people of the Cambodian-American
community, many of whom we met more than ten years ago while creating our first documentary book about their
resettlement experience. Our lives have been enriched by these encounters and friendships. We hope this book
helps people remember and understand the history of these young people, and the challenges they face.
-JH &JR
fractured
identities/Cambodia's Children of War
3
��• •
• • • •
F
0
R
w
E
by
0
R
D
Sovann-Th
da
Loeung
In early 1979, after living under the murderous Pol Pot regime for nearly four years, my family and I
returned to our destroyed village, finding nothing but the ashes of our home and fallow fields where there had once
been prosperous rice paddies. Life seemed hopeless, yet we were determined to try to plant the seeds that give
hope for the future. Day by day, life seemed to be getting better. To earn money for food , my mother joined a group
of men smuggling goods between Thailand and Cambodia, knowing my sister and I, though only fifteen and sixteen,
After we arranged for my uncle's
sponsorship for us to come to this
country, we prepared for our interview. My mother had to record her
children' s birth names and exact
ages. It was the first time we had to
use our birth names since the
Khmer Rouge had taken over the
country.
We had to change our last name to
correspond with the last name of
the person who had previously
sponsored my uncle. My uncle had
adopted his sponsor's last name
so that he could pose as being his
relative and be eligible for resettlement. Now my family had to do the
same thing.
could take care of my two younger sisters and three brothers while she was away. Then one day in 1979, my mother
packed some of our family belongings and told the children to go to sleep early. The previous week, she had planned
an escape route to the border camps with a Cambodian soldier who knew the safest way to Thailand by foot. In
return my mother gave him a gold necklace. They decided that my family would leave that following week.
I don't remember if I had the feeling of being in any great danger during our escape. Maybe I was unconsciously thinking of living in a peaceful Thailand. In any case, it wasn't long before we reached Thai soil, where we
were arrested by Thai soldiers in a village called Tapriya. I remember very clearly what my mother said to these soldiers who , perhaps rightly, did not want us to stay in their country: "You can kill me now if you want, but don't tell
me to go back to Cambodia." After pleading with them again and again, the soldiers finally pointed with their bayonets, directing us to a nearby army barracks. Fortunately, the soldiers treated us well, and the next day we went to
our first camp, the Sakeo Refugee Camp. From there we would go to Mai rut Camp. My family and I were in different
camps in Thailand according to our changing refugee status. This was when I learned the word "refugee" (chun pia
fractured
identities/Cambodia's Children of War
5
�kluen) for the first time. My instincts told me that we had left Cambodia for good. Yet I never asked my mother why
we had left our country. And she never explained to any of her children why we had to leave.
In July of 1981, my family received news of our acceptance for resettlement in the United States. We were
transferred to the Philippines Refugee Processing Center in Bataan, Philippines, to learn English and to be oriented
to American culture and work. The excitement of starting a new life had really begun . Our lives were now driven by
the dream for freedom and opportunity in America. Like nearly everyone else in the Philippines camp, we wanted to
lead self-sufficient and productive lives in our new home, America, and we didn't imagine there could be any obstacles that might hinder us. We had no idea of gangs, for example , or the violence of living in some American cities.
Even after my family had lived in Long Beach for three years, I didn't believe that gang violence could ever become a
problem for a family like mine.
After our family had become settled in Long Beach, California, my mother enrolled us in the public schools.
She even allowed us to have friends and enjoy our new lives in American society. As a good daughter to my mother,
school was very important to me. I was determined to do my best in order to graduate from high school. In
September, 1981, I entered Millikan High School in Long Beach. Unfortunately, I was not able to stay there long
enough to get my diploma since the Long Beach Unified School District does not allow students to study at the high
school after reaching eighteen years of age . Consequently, I continued to pursue my diploma in an adult school program instead. I never felt I would give up on my desire to complete my education .
For my three younger brothers, however, school was like a battle. They struggled to learn not only the language but also the ways of their peers. Being so much younger than me they developed a much different attitude
toward education. They soon became discouraged and unmotivated. They started to hang out more with their
friends in the neighborhood. I was concerned about the way they responded to their school work, but I was in school
myself and not able to look over their daily homework. According to Cambodian custom , the father would typically
have had this responsibility. But since our father had passed away during Pol Pot, my mother was the one to take
6
fractured
i d e n t i t i e s / Cambod i a's Children of War
�over that role. Unfortunately, however, my mother did not know enough English to help them with their homework.
After getting my high school diploma I went to live with my older sister who had recently married and
moved to Lowell, Massachusetts, with her new husband and child in search of jobs. That year, 1985, I learned from
my mother that two of my brothers had quit school and joined a gang. By 1992, one of them had been murdered by a
gang member, while the other had ended up in jail. It was very hard for me to accept the reality of what was happen ing. I kept asking myself how this could have happened to my family. I asked myself if my brothers had forgotten the
hardship we had lived through for four years. I remembered that during Pol Pot our village had scarcely any food to
eat. My father would sneak out in the middle of the night to steal food for his children . He sacrificed his life scavenging for food to feed his family. As the Cambodian proverb tells us, he died so the children could give rise to the next
generation. It seemed to me that my two brothers had not remembered that our father had saved them from starvation all those years. It seemed that the better life my mother wished for us was an impossible dream.
Being too young to learn about what is beautiful in Cambodian culture, my two brothers had only known
Cambodia as a place of war, a place that had left the scars of starvation, while teaching children to kill and steal, distrust family members, and disobey parents. Their sense of family, community, and self-identity became buried deep
beneath the scars. They stopped listening to my mother and me when we warned them about what they were getting themselves into. After all those years of surviving under the Khmer Rouge, it broke my heart to see them turn
away from us and to their friends in the gang instead. I try not to think too much now about the problems in my family. I try to be grateful that my youngest brother and sister are in college now; for the rich culture of Cambodia; and
the life my parents gave me when I was growing up before the war. Maybe this is the difference between my two
unfortunate brothers and me. I was old enough to have had something to hold on to before the fighting and genocide took everything away. But fighting and killing is all they have ever known . This may be why I am able to cope
better with the feelings of fractured identity and confusion that break so many young people apart.
fractured
identities/Cambodia's Children of War
7
�Refugee escape routes from
Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.
8
fractured
i d e n t i t i e s / Cambodia's Children of War
�• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
N
T
R
D
0
by
u
Tuyet
c
T
Lan
0
N
Pho
Growing up in the United States today, this generation of American youth faces many challenges in their
path to develop a mature and functional identity. They must live in a highly mobile, multi-ethnic and multi-cultural
society with a tremendous pressure to seek instant gratification for material needs. With adequate social and parental
support, most grow up to be successful adults. Poverty, poor schooling, dysfunctional homes, and peer pressure may
form a breeding ground for self-destruction, substance abuse, anti-social behaviors, or sometimes criminal activities.
Establishing an identity in the American pluralistic society taxes the ability of most newcomers - young
Cambodian refugees and Cambodian-American youths in this country are no exception. Many of us do not know
the full extent of the complex challenges that confront the children of Southeast Asian refugee families who recently
resettled in the United States. The poignant story of Chenda Soth, a young Cambodian woman, gives us only a
glimpse of the pain and agony she has experienced in order to overcome these challenges and to fashion for herself a new personal identity.
CHENDA's
SroRv 1
I think I'm not too Asian, I'm not too Americanized, I'm somewhere in between. I don't try
to be American or Asian; I just try to get along with everybody. I guess I'm Asian in the way I respect
my Mom and Dad - I suppose some American teenagers do that, too, but a lot of them don't. I help
my parents do their chores, and I always greet older people with respect.
fractured
i d e n t i t i e s / Cambodia's Children of War
9
�I used to be very shy, and I decided that I was too shy. I told myself, " This is not working. If you're
too shy, you're not going to have any friends. " So I made myself be more outgoing, open up and
greet people and be more friendly. I guess that is one of the ways I have become more Americanized.
We go to church, and I value those American values. And I like to be able to express my own
opinion, so I guess I value freedom of speech. I'm more independent than a child would be in
Cambodia, and I value that. In Cambodia, you do what your parents say, and you can't object to it.
Here, I can say, "But Mom, I like to do things this way . . .. "
Chenda tries to maintain the balance between being Cambodian and being American, while serving as a
role model for her younger siblings. The most moving aspect of her story is her yearning for acceptance and her
efforts to overcome the anxiety and isolation associated with growing up in a multi-cultural environment.
In addition to oral history studies, the literature on the search for identity and the assessment of school performance among Southeast Asian youths has been recently published. It includes two large-scale surveys conducted
by the University of Michigan Institute of Social Research and the National Education Longitudinal Study and a number of research papers that focus on the social, psychological, and educational adjustment of Southeast Asian
refugees and their children. Like many immigrants and refugees who settled in the United States before 1975, the
Southeast Asians suffered a number of social and emotional setbacks. However, the psychological vulnerability of the
Cambodian, Lao , and Vietnamese appears to be more serious than their predecessors. It is important to recognize
that the Southeast Asians are refugees who escaped their homeland out of fear for being persecuted , and many may
still have a strong familial and emotional bonds to the relatives they left behind. As a group they experienced severe
trauma during their escape and their subsequent stay in refugee camps. Many of them may never recover from the
profound sense of loss in their life even after they have safely resettled in America. Psychology field investigators have
found that the self-esteem of many refugees has suffered in the face of significant status loss, underemployment,
10
f r a c t u r ed
i dent i t i es/Cambod i a ' s Children of War
�isolation, and instances of hostility by Americans. The incidence of major depression, psychotic disorders, and other
health problems may reflect the impact of numerous stresses the Southeast Asian refugees have confronted.
Some researchers suggested that the Southeast Asian refugee children who grow up in the United States
may perceive four identity systems that are at times overlapping, but more often conflicting with one another and
with the Southeast Asian cultural background and family life. These identities are : Southeast Asian, American,
Refugee, and Adolescent. This identity crisis may create difficulty for the social adjustment and academic performance of Southeast Asian students, and the multidimensional identity assumed by many Southeast Asian youths
may have negative effects on their outlook on life and their work. Southeast Asian adolescents who migrated with
their parents, or are in foster care with other Southeast Asian families, do better in school and are much less
depressed than are those adolescents placed with American families or in group homes.
A review of essays, diaries, and journals written by Southeast Asian students in high schools, colleges, and
universities reveals their hopes for a brighter future that might be attained through education, as well as the frustra tion that they have experienced in their search for an identity that enables them to carry on the traditional values
and practices at home while at the same time being "Americanized" in school. The students' voices are most compelling in situations in which they try to sort out the differences between their acculturated perspective as an Asian
American and their parents' traditional perspective as a Southeast Asian. The students' identity crisis requires resolution as they reach adulthood and have to cope with the friction of racism and prejudice in a pluralistic society.
They share a similar identity crisis with other immigrant children or first-generation American-born students.
However, their search for an identity has been compounded by the traditional values rooted in Confucian philosophy
and religious beliefs embedded in Buddhism that their parents had imparted to them. In the socialization process at
home, students often have to deal with an apparent split loyalty to their parents' culture and to the American values
that emphasize independence, self assertion, and individual determinism. There are cases where the differences
between parents and children serve as internal forces for self drive and individual achievement, but there are also
fractured
i d e n t i t i e s / Cambodia's Children of War
11
�incidents whereby these differences foster dysfunctional behaviors or self destruction.
Although there are distinctive differences in cultures and languages among Cambodians, Lao, and
Vietnamese, these people share some common social customs and traditional values. For more than two thousand
years, Southeast Asia has been a crossroads of cultural activity, influenced by the customs, languages, and institu tions of the Chinese, Indian, and Oceanic peoples, and adding European Christian influences in the past 500 years.
Religions practiced by many Southeast Asians include Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism; sp iritual
reverence for ancestors, gods, or objects may also occur in some Southeast Asian cultures. Common themes
among these religious practices include the search for peace and harmony and the respect that is given to ancestors or deceased relatives.
The traditional family unit in Southeast Asia is larger than in the United States, including not only parents
and their children , but also grandparents, married children, aunts and uncles, and other relatives as well, all living
in a single household or in close proximity. In the family a great deal of respect is paid by children and youth to parents and the elderly. The father is accepted as the head of the household, although he may not be the sole wage
earner, and is charged with upholding family traditions and setting moral standards for his children. The mother is
often responsible for maintaining the household budget and promoting family unity. It is not unusual for older
brothers or sisters to take care of their siblings; the younger children obey and respect the older brother or sister
much as they do their parents. Because of strong family ties, refugees may seek out relatives who have resettled in
the United States.
The role and responsibility of individual members of the family that many Southeast Asian refugees are
able to maintain after their resettlement in the United States enable them to provide a home setting that is supportive and nurturing to children . On the other hand, many Southeast Asian families have become more nuclear as they
acculturate into the American society, as a result of housing conditions, employment requirements, and choices of
schools for the children . This shift in the Southeast Asian family stru cture has been more evident since 1990.
12
fractured
i d e n t i t i es / Cambodia's Child r en of War
�The traumatic experiences of escape and life in refugee camps are additional luggage that refugees carry
with them for life. Newcomers to the United States during the past century have been admitted under two major
immigration categories : refugee or immigrant. Each status provides its constituency with different rights and restrictions, and is governed by separate Acts of the Congress: the Immigration Act of 1917, the Refugee Relief Act of 1952,
and their subsequent amendments. According to Section 101(a)(42) of the Refugee Act of 1980, a "refugee" is a person who is outside of his or her country of origin who is unable or unwilling to return because of persecution or a
well -founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or
political opinion . An "immigrant," on the contrary, is a person who planned to leave his or her country and chose to
live in another country voluntarily.
The first wave of Southeast Asian refugees or the "evacuees" at the end of the Vietnam war in 1975 was
made up of approximately 130,000 Vietnamese who left South Vietnam. A small number of arrivals from Cambodia
and Laos came in 1976 and 1977. The second wave of refugees or the boat people arrived between 1978 and 1981.
These refugees took to the high seas in small fishing boats, swam across the Mekong river, or walked through the
jungle from Cambodia and Laos to Thailand. It was estimated that only half of them made it safely to the shore of
third countries of asylum such as Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, the Philippines, and Australia;
the other half were lost at sea or fell victim to pirates. The third wave of refugees is a mixture of refugees and immigrants who have made up the continuing flow from their countries of origin since 1985. Those who arrived under the
refugee status were screened in from a larger pool of displaced people in refugee camps in Southeast Asia. The
other third wave arrivals migrated to the United States under three different immigration processes: (1) the orderly
departure procedure granted immigrant visa status to those who wished to reunite with their immediate relatives;
(2) the Amerasians, who are mostly illegitimate children of American servicemen; and (3) the humanitarian order
covering special groups of immigrants including Vietnamese who were political prisoners in their own countries.
The arrival of refugees from 1975 through 1994 and their subsequent resettlement throughout the United
fractured
i d e n t i t i e s / Cambodia's Children of War
13
�States were documented in Refugee Reports prepared by the Office of Refugee Resettlement, of the United States
Department of Health and Human Services. Among all nations, the United States has resettled the largest number of
Southeast Asian refugees. According to the Office of Refugee Resettlement, the total number of Southeast Asian
refugee arrivals in the United States from 1975 through September 30, 1994 is 1,180,538; this figure includes 70,832
Amerasians. By the end of fiscal year 1994, it was estimated that the Vietnamese made up 67 percent of the total,
while 20 percent were from Laos and about 13 percent were from Cambodia. Southeast Asian refugees have settled
in every state and several territories of the United States; large concentrations can be found in a number of West
Coast cities and in Texas, as well as in several East Coast and Midwestern cities. Massachusetts is among the top ten
states with a large Southeast Asian population (34,479 or 3.1 percent), and California has the largest Southeast
Asian population (446,092 or 40.2 percent) .
Southeast Asians residing in the United States shared the following characteristics: (1) more than 85 percent have been in the country for more than five years; (2) approximately 55 percent are male and 45 percent are
female; (3) their median age is 28; (4) the school age population represents 21 percent, young adult 19 percent,
working age 60 percent, and 65 or older 3.5 percent; (5) average family size is 5.2; and (6) a large number of households have from 4 to 6 children. These characteristics make the Southeast Asian refugees and immigrants different
from their predecessors such as the Irish, French, Italian, and other European immigrants who came mostly as single
males and settled in a number of large cities on the East Coast.
Southeast Asian refugees coming to the United States bring with them a wide range of socio-economic and
educational backgrounds, from tribal mountain dwellers to farmers with limited literacy to urban professionals holding advanced degrees. However, most schooling in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam has been disrupted since 1975;
many younger refugees may not have attended school.
The educational systems in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam were based on the French system as a result of
French colonialism, an instructional approach that emphasizes memorization and repetition . As a result of the
14
fractured
identities/Cambodia's Children of War
�Confucian education, teachers are highly respected, to the point that no one would consider questioning either the
information a teacher provides or the way in which it is provided. Both children and parents from Southeast Asian
cultures may have difficulty adjusting to the style of learning in public schools in the United States, wher€ discussion
and questioning are preferred and encouraged.
The influx of Cambodian refugees to Lowell started in 1985, and lasted through 1990 largely as a result of
second migration. Lowell is a mid-sized city located approximately 30 miles northwest of Boston, Massachusetts. Its
population is composed of about 100,000 people from many different ethnic backgrounds. Southeast Asian refugees
who have resettled there since 1980 represent approximately 25 percent of this community's population. lt is estimated that Southeast Asians who reside in Lowell include 20,000 Cambodians, 5,000 Lao, and 2,000 Vietnamese .
Among American cities, Lowell has the second largest population of Cambodian-Americans. The concentration of
Cambodian refugees in Lowell has led to dramatic changes in the city. The Cambodian community has impacted not
only the city's housing pattern but also the schools and the business environment as well. More than 75 shops and
stores are Cambodian owned and operated. There are numerous service-providing agencies and Buddhist temples.
Altogether, these establishments have sustained the preservation of cultural heritage and created business opportu nities for the newcomers as well as the city residents. At the same time they have fostered a greater level of tension
in the integration process of the Cambodians and their children into the city.
For many young Cambodians who live in Lowell, the pieces of their life may not fit well together-and their
stories need to be told. Since the early 198o's, Joan Ross and Jim Higgins have opened their home, lent their ears,
and patiently recorded the faces and the voices of many Southeast Asian refugees and their children. Their work was
brilliantly assembled and published in 1986 as Southeast Asians: A New Beginning in Lowell. The book was appreciated by the Southeast Asian community and well received by historians, teachers, and social workers across the
nation. In this sequence, Fractured Identities: Cambodia's Children of War, Higgins and Ross have followed a number
of Cambodian elementary school students they photographed in 1986, listened with compassion to their stories, and
fractured
identities/Cambodia's Children of War
15
�captured the poignant images of their lives. These children of war have grown into young adults with compelling
stories of their struggle against great challenges in their search for an identity. There is joy, pain, and hope for the
future in their stories.
*1
This is an exce rpt from the tra nscr iption of a taped interview with Chenda, one of the subjects of an ethnographic study conducte d
wit h students at Lowel l High Schoo l in 1993.
Newly-arrived Cambodian
refugees photographed
at Logan Airport in
Boston, 1985.
16
fractured
identities/Cambodia's
Children
of War
��•
��• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
A college student studying criminal justice,
Tom has his own Tae Kwon Do school where
he instructs military personnel.
"We got to this country when I was nine.
Where I lived we were surrounded by
American families. I'd walk to school in
the morning and the kids would spray
water at me with a hose. My father
knows I could beat the kids up anytime
but he say we came to their country, let
it go. I started to learn Tae Kwon Do, and
in high school I ended up on the same
sports teams with the same kids that
sprayed water at me. In time we became
friends, and we would laugh about
those times."
20
�" When I was fourteen , I took the summer off to
become a monk. My family make a big parade
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
for me and my cousins. We dressed in safron
rob es and rode horseback from our home to the
temple just like my father did in Cambodia . At
the temple I would wake up at 4:00 in the morning and cook noodles and rice for the monks. We
would say the prayer over and over. We cannot
even kill an insect. In those three months I
learned more than in nine or ten years. I learned
to meditate and to think a lot about everything.
Now, I always think twice ."
fractured
i d e n t i t i e s / Cambodia ' s Children of War
21
�Kim, photographed with her two children,
and with her extended family, at the Eliot
Presbyterian Church.
"She's afraid that her son will grow up to
be like his father... he was in a gang and
now he's in jail. I told her I won't let it
happen ... he's only young."
- Cham Rong, about his sister
and her son
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
�• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
"Junior" has a full-time job, and is the high-scoring forward
for the "Rascals, " a traveling basketball team that competes
up and down the East Coast.
"As far as movies go, I like action, fighting, and comedy
- especially Arnold . .. and Eddie Murphy. Robin
Williams is good. I saw Good Morning Vietnam with
my uncle two or three times. We don't learn anything
about the history of Cambodia in school here . .. just
Columbus ... who discovered America . . . stuff like
that-it just doesn't go in my head."
�Vy, a recent vocational school graduate,
holds a picture of his father who is missing
in Cambodia.
"His father disappeared after the Khmer
Rouge came to our village. He was just a
baby and he don't remember him, but he
keep his picture in his room. It keeps
him from forgetting."
- Vy' s mother
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
�"Salina" works at a fast-food restaurant and
is in her second year of college.
"I'm still expected to help out at home
with the younger children, but my mom
is happy for me being in school. I want a
business degree and then maybe I'll
have a chance to get a good paying job.
I have three older sisters but I'm the first
in our family to go to college ."
fractured
identities/Cambodia's Children of War
25
�26
�• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
After escaping
Cambodia-family ID
portrait at Site Two
refugee camp in Thailand
Sa-ang (left) is a college senior studying
electronics; Sophin studies computer
networking and takes classes in graphics.
" My mother complains because the
phone is always busy when her friends
try to call. Our modem is hooked up to
our telephone line . .. We have student
access to the internet so we spend
about four hours a day on-line."
D'
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SOE URN 'S FAMILY
I
�Dy is a junior in high school and is a member
of the Lowell Mission Center.
"When I was 15 I got in trouble . I wanted
to go out at night but my parents wouldn't
let me. I started staying out at my friend 's
house and when my parents felt they had
no control over me, the DYS put me with
foster parents. When my family moved to
California I tried going with them , but my
mom always complained of how much
trouble I was in - so , I left on a bus and
came back to Lowell. .. it took four days.
I came back to my foster parents . I feel
like I fit in here in Lowell. I want to go to
college to be a surgical technician. I like
biology and science and I can stand the
sight of blood!"
28
�Cham Rong graduates high school this year.
He hopes to go to college and find a job to
help support his mother and grandmother.
"It's kind of hard to get out of a gang...
when you're in, you're in. You have no
choice. It took me a while to understand
that all the things I did were wrong . ..
beat up people for respect. .. that's not
how you get respect. I had to be locked
up for three years with lots ohime to
think. At first I didn't really want to listen
to the counselors there, but when I did
listen to what they had to say it helped
me to help myself. It's hard not to listen
to your friends, but if they are really your
good friends, they won't ask you to do
things you don't want to."
��• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
T
H
R
E
E
An
B
Essay
R
by
0
T
H
George
E
R
s
Chigas
One family. Three lives. Three brothers. One was killed. One went to prison. One went to college. The
telling of the story depends on these so-called facts.
More facts. They arrived in Los Angeles in September, 1981, with their mother and four sisters, three older
and one younger. Their father had died two years earlier during the Pol Pot regime. The second sister, my wife,
once told me how he had stolen food for the family from the communal kitchen where he worked but did not eat
enough himself; how before he became sick he was weak from hunger; how he died in a place called a hospital
where there were no doctors or medicine. She told me that not long after his death the Vietnamese invaded the
country, and in the confusion the family escaped across the mountains to the first refugee camps in Thailand. My
wife, the second oldest, was fifteen. The boys were eight, nine, and ten.
As I present this information-the so-called facts of the story-I realize how I could be taken as posing as
one who "knows" and is therefore in a position to make it known to others. That because this information may be
verifiable as "fact," I should be able to present a "true" account of at least part of their story. And that with enough
facts I would be able to tell their "whole" story. But I must say from the start that I do not have enough facts, and
the ones I have seem to leave out as much as they tell or, conversely, put in more than what might have been there
to begin with. Further, the information I present is nothing more or less than someone's translation of memory into
language. This story, this translation, therefore, depends on memory. On memory which desires to be told.
If this story must be told, then let it begin with the father's death. This is because if there were anything that could
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31
�have made the story turn out differently, it would have been the boys' having had a father. In this story, the father
was the principal of a village school in the Cambodian countryside who had the reputation of being a firm but fair
disciplinarian. I am told that he was equally strict at home. But the father was not only a school principal and the
judicious enforcer of rules and regulations. He was also a dancer, and in the afternoons after school beneath the
tamarind tree in front of their house he taught his children, especially his second daughter, my wife , the dance. The
mother, besides keeping house and raising the children, supplemented the family income by making desserts to
sell at the village market. Early in the morning, before school, the second daughter would start a cooking fire and
help her mix rice flower with water and sugar. The second daughter remembers this very clearly.
Because of their good parents, the children had a happy and comfortable life. The three boys respected
and obeyed their father. The three older daughters went to school and performed household chores. They bathed
and fed their three younger brothers. They gathered and split wood for cooking. They carried water from the river.
They helped their mother prepare meals and wash clothes. They swept the ground beneath their house which
stood on wooden stilts and which, during the rainy season, became engulfed in water. And so, because of the
father's position and the industry and beauty of his wife and daughters, the family had a good reputation in the village where they lived. And on summer evenings, when movies would be shown on a large canvas sheet spread
between two trees, the father's daughters and sons did not have to pay. The second daughter remembers this in
the same way she remembers learning the dance beneath the shade of the tamarind tree and helping her mother
make dessert in the morning before school.
The story's telling begins in the oral tradition. It is told both in the way that it was heard and not in that
way. Its telling changes the teller which changes the telling. Its telling is the translation of someone else's translations of the memories of her life. The original experience of learning the dance beneath the tamarind tree or making dessert before school was not the same as I tell it or as she remembers it herself. Yet we are aware of their
importance, especially the memory of the dance, which she carries with her, inside of her, like her breath. Dance
32
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�and th e memory of learning th e dance have a direct relation to th e memory of the father. They are contiguous,
physically touching each other in her mind. By maintaining the one, she sustains the other. The dance keeps a
place inside of her to carry her father's memory. It opens a space for her desire to redeem his senseless death .
Yet, at the same time, the dance is what confirms his loss. The two memories, the on e of the dance and
the other of the father touch one another at an inaccessible horizon of meaning. Each simultaneously produces
and negates the other. By dancing, her fath er is both presented and made absent. Dancing presents his absence.
Perhaps this is why so many Cambodian dancers can look so terribly sad when they dance. They too may be
remembering their teachers who died . This would make the tradition of lighting incense in honor of one's teacher
all the more necessary and important. Since the genocide, this ritual has new and added meaning. The dance has
become a way of both reclaiming an unjust death and mourning an irredeemable loss.
*
*
*
The story's telling changes, must change. I remember the Christmas when we returned to America on
home-leave from our jobs in the Philippines. The first brother had been arrested by the police after falling asleep at
the wheel of his car. The officer had found an illegal weapon in the car. Upon investigation it was learned that the
car had been at the scene of a recent robbery in Lowell. There is a picture in my mind of the way he looked when I
went to the station to bail him out. They were taking his mug shot as he held a name card across his chest. I
remember how the way he looked then resembled the way he looked in the small photograph taken for his exit visa
on the day before his family left the refugee camp to come to the United States. In both pictures he is holding a
small chalk board in front of him written with his name. There is a seven year difference between the two pictures,
the picture of the departing refugee, the survivor, and the memory of the police suspect. And there is another
seven years between this memory and its telling as part of this story. In both pictures he has the same curly hair
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i d e n t i t i e s / Cambodia ' s Children of War
33
�and confused expression on his face. In both pictures he is the oldest brother and the one who most physically
resembles the father. The father who did not survive. Who did not come to the United States. Whose body became
part of the Cambodian killing fields.
After driving him back home from the police station I sat him down with the second brother in the living
room of their sister's house in Lowell. The second brother had also been in trouble with the police. The second
brother, perhaps the brightest, would go to prison that year. He is the one, perhaps more than the others, for whom
having a father could have made the story turn out differently. He is the one who always wanted something. The
one who, on the way home from school in Long Beach, beat up his younger brother so he would not tell their mother he had joined a gang. He is the leader with a quick mind who did the best in school before dropping out. The one
whom I saw years later at a Cambodian dance party after he had been released from jail the first time. The one who
told the other gang members what to do. The one whom they respected and obeyed as their leader. The one who
led them inside the restaurant to the party where they were seated and politely served food and drinks for free so
there wouldn't be any trouble. He is the one who would go to jail again for manslaughter. Whom his sister and I
saw during visiting hours on Sunday. Whose son is growing up without a father just as he did.
On that day after returning from the police station, the mother was waiting in the living room of her
daughter's house. She was not the same woman who had lived in the village where her husband had been the
school principal. Not the same woman who had made desserts with her daughter to sell in the market. In this story
she is the widow who has fled her country. She is the refugee who doesn't speak English. In the course of this story
she has become the survivor. In this story the widow sits with her two older sons in the first daughter's house in
Lowell, Massachusetts. Her face is red and swollen from crying. There is a Christmas tree in the corner of the room
with gifts placed underneath. The two boys are sitting on an old couch hanging their heads, looking down at the
floor as I pace the room back and forth in front of them.
"This is not a game," I tell them, "not some kind make-believe show on TV. What the hell do you think
34
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�you're doing? What kind of life are you trying to make for yourselves? Your sister and I come home for Christmas,
and we spend our time bailing you two out of jail. What is this all about?" The two boys sit silently on the couch as
their mother wipes the tears from her eyes.
"It's not like the movies," I tell them again . This is for real. These gangsters shoot real guns with real bullets that kill real people. You want to die? You want to spend the rest of your lives in jail? For Christ's sake! I can't
believe this is happening! I can't believe what you two are doing to yourselves and this family."
*
*
*
There are other memories of other photographs . One of the three boys in the Mai rut refugee camp in
Thailand. They are in front of the family's crude bamboo and thatch shelter. There's something cooking on a fire
made from the coal allotted by the United Nations to each family. The second brother is lifting the lid off of a cooking wok while the other two are laughing. They are all wearing soiled T-shirts, shorts, and flip-flops. Their sister
keeps that photograph in an album in a box with other photographs from that time.
I never went to Mai rut camp. But we did visit Site 2 many years after the picture was taken. I remember
waking among the bamboo huts built in long, seemingly endless, rows with narrow, red clay alleyways between.
On that day my wife and I saw similar scenes as in the picture of the three brothers in Mai rut camp: people cooking, cutting wood, washing clothes in aluminum tubs. Children swam in the pools of stagnant water that collected
in the drainage ditch by the side of the road . Many of these children had been born there and had never been
beyond the barbed wire fence that surrounded the perimeter of the camp. The memory of these children, their
laughing and how they waved at us, is connected to the memory of the three brothers in the picture of the camp.
The memories touch each other in a way that is similar to the way the dance and the memory of her father physically
touch each other for my wife. They are contiguous fragments but not like the parts of a puzzle which add up to
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35
�_J__;o\¥l~JJJ1)an
-f·o1.ii-uv~sl16t. --
--· - - --·. -c
-- - ·. -- . -_-. .·_
d1 lrfi1g Yi,S}f_
.· t;00illjfI·.-- . .::
.
·.·
··-
something whole or complete. Instead, they remain broken and, in translation, continue to break, not apart, but
farther. These fragments, which depend on the desire to remember, the desire to reconstruct an original experience, are paradoxically broken farther by remembering.
I remember the winter night in 1991, when the phone rang. It is true that the phone rang in our house on a
winter's night in 1991. And it is true that my wife answered the phone and heard the oldest sister say that their oldest brother had been shot in a parking lot in Stockton and that he was dead. I remember the sound of her voice
when she called my name and walked into the room. And I remember getting up from my desk and holding her in
my arms and that we didn't say anything for a long while.
The next day I didn't go to work, and we sat in a chair holding each other. I remember there was snow on
the ground outside the window. Perhaps there was a fire in the wood stove. There were however many hours of
tears. In our life together there have been countless hours of tears. And afterwards there has always been the
crumpled tissue left behind. The tissue that she clutches in her hand and presses to her eyes. The tissue that
makes me think of a cloud . The same tissue I find beneath her pillow in the morning. The one she presses to her
eyes as she lies next to me curled on her side. The one that drops from her hand when she finally cries herself to
sleep. But to call the tissue "a cloud" would be unfaithful to the telling of the story. It would be an exuberance for
the sake of "effect" that hinders the task of translating the memory of my wife, who has just been told of her brother's death. So now I must try to begin again.
*
*
*
At that time the youngest brother was living with us in Millers Falls. Of the three brothers, he is the one I
know best. Or I think I know. When he came to live with us, he was about sixteen . At that time he had been living
with the oldest sister in Lowell, waiting to be called by the United Parcel Service for a job loading delivery trucks. In
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identities/Cambodia's Children of War
�the meantime, he sat in his sister's house watching TV. He was going to Lowell High School but failing many of his
classes. He spent his time helping his sister take care of her three young children, going on weekend outings with
the Mormon church and watching television . When my wife and I returned home from the Philipp ines and saw him
sitting day after day in front of the TV waiting for a call from UPS, we decided that he should come with us when we
moved to Amherst. In other words, we would be the ones to get him out of the city and give him a chance to make
something of his life .
We knew that he didn't really want to go to Amherst. He had already moved too many times. During Pol
Pot his family was forced to leave their vi llage. After t he Vietnamese invasion they fled to Thailand . From Thailand
they were resettled in California. Then he left his neighborhood friends in Long Beach to move to Lowell. And now
he had to leave his friends at the church in Lowell to move again. And he loved his friends. He needed his friends
very badly. More than anything else I think, he wanted to stay in one place and be part of a loving family. The
church gave him that, or at least, it gave him that more than anything else he had ever known . At this time his
mother had moved back to Long Beach after an argument with her daughter. His second brother was in jail. The
oldest brother had moved in to live with his girlfriend. One sister was here and another there . The church was his
family now. But he had no choice. He had to do what his older sister told him to do. That is the Cambodian custom.
He fe lt that he had to obey his elders.
I would like to think that by bringing him to Amherst we kept him from dropping out of high school and
working at UPS for the rest of his life or perhaps being a Mormon missionary. I would like to believe that this is why
he is a senior in college now. Why he went to Thailand as an American Field Service student when he was in high
school. Why he joined the drama club and performed in Guys and Dolls and Midsummer Night's Dream. When we
moved into our apartment in Amherst, he brought his skateboard , a sling shot and his Mormon Bible. The first two
things had to do with him wanting "to be a kid ." When I would tell him he was too old for sling shots, that's what he
would tell me. He didn't want that taken from away from him. At least not yet. He entered Amherst High School at
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37
�the sophomore year, which he had just completed in Lowell. He had alre ady been kept bac k one yea r and th is made
two. But I decided he wasn't ready to be a junior. He was still a kid.
In the morning before school, I made him noodle soup, and at night I corrected his math homework. He
wasn't allowed to study in front of the television. When I came home one day and found him asleep in front of the
TV as a pot of water was boiling on the stove, he was not allowed to watch TV for two weeks. I took my role seriously, perhaps too seriously. His sister didn't like me making him soup in the morning. He was too old for that, she'd
say. She didn't like it when I drove him to the Mormon church in Amherst. Why did he go there when he didn't even
know his own religion , she would say. His sister and I would frequently quarrel about what was best for him. I like
to think I did the right thing. I like to think I did my best.
The story of the second brother is the story of a relationship that is not unlike the relationship between a
father and son. And so I become aware of having started to tell a different kind of story in which the rules of the
story's telling have changed . This translation is being done with a different mind . The space between the memory
and its translation is more narrow, harder to locate, more difficult to maintain . The mind begins to resh ape itself. It
searches out new ways to give meaning to these memories. The tone becomes one of self-questioning and reflec tion on one's intention to do the right thing. The tone is sentimental. The telling of the story becomes more difficult
because the memories I translate are not the memories of what someone else has told me. This translation is performed with the mind of a "parent" who wants to believe that he did the right thing.
The picture in my mind is the one of the third brother in his ROTC uniform. In that picture he is standing at
attention with his arm lifted in a firm salute. He is wearing a blue visored cap and a white shirt with blue clip-on tie
that is a little off center. He is smiling and happy looking. This is the brother who, in the beach pictures at Mai rut
camp, has his arm over the second brother's shoulder. He has the same good -natured smile. He is the same boy
who wants everybody to love one another. The same boy who wants to be part of a family that loves one another.
As I said, when he was in high school he was chosen to go to Thailand as an exchange student for the AFS.
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i d e n t i t i e s / Cambodia ' s Children of War
�In Thailand the father of hi s host family, which he still calls his family, is an officer in the Thai air force . One day they
went to the air field together to see the jets. He was treated as the "son" of his host father and given special treatment. One of the pictures he brought home to Amherst shows him sitting in an American jet. Since his return, he
has exchanged letters with his family in Thailand and all of the friends, his "brothers" and "sisters," that he met
there. After receiving these letters he would tape them next to the pictures of his family on the wall in his room
until it was nearly covered floor to ceiling. I believe that trip was a turning point in his life. It may have been the first
time that he had ever received unconditional love and had had the opportunity to show that love. On the night he
returned from his trip we all sat in the first sister's new house in Chelmsford as he opened his jam -packed suitcase.
He had bought each of us a small gift: batik shirts, sarongs, miniature carvings . For me there was a pocket watch in
the shape of a lady bug, so that when you spread its wings the clock face appeared beneath .
During the two years his sister and I separated and she moved to Lowell to work as a teacher there, he
continued to live with me for a number of months. I was very disturbed by the separation and impossible to live
with . One night we had a horrible falling out that ended with me asking him to move out by the end of the month.
By the end of the week he had packed his belongings, including the letters and pictures from the walls of his room,
and left the house to stay with friends in Amherst. And so that part of the story ended .
It is hard for me now to find the space for the continued telling of this story. I ask myself who is using this
sentimental tone to tell the story of a " father" and "son"? Who is telling this fiction whose telling is itself the experience? Perhaps he is the one who makes an offering of words in the hope they may be accepted. Perhaps his
desire is the impossible desire of the three brothers. And their sisters. The impossible desire that one's story could
ever be told .
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39
�Why.does it seem like the war will never end?
Why can't my people make amends?
We left our country to stay alive,
but even here we can't survive
brothers die and sisters cry
moms and dads wonder why
.
the children they run away
against each other they become the prey
in the streets they join a gang
in a week, a gun goes bang
a trigger pulled without a thought
too late now, a brother shot
just like way back then
,
we live the war again and agail1
Can't my people comprehend?
it's time we put it to an end
lift your spirit and keep hope alive
no more worries and no more cries
the sun will shine and we will rise
-Chan Snguon
Youth Peace, June, 1995
�•
��this stuff."
-Sunny
�"My parents encouraged me a lot to stay in school. They were
there 100% even though they didn't understand English. I
don't put the blame on the parents. It's hard for them .. . they
can't go to work and learn English, too. It's not the involve ment, it's the time ... they just don't have it. And sometimes
they don't feel comfortable at school because they think that
they might be looked down upon. One of my friends brought
home his report card with all Os and the parents asked what
a D means and he said that means good . So, the parents
were so proud .
"My father was a monk for ten years and he is a Buddhist but
I am a Christian. I was baptized. I wanted to believe in something to make life better to live for. Sometimes I often ask
myself, "Did God make us, or did man make God because man
wanted something to believe in, or something to have faith in,
or someone to talk to when he's by himself, all alone .. . ."
-Tony
��"When I joined ROTC I was thinking of being an
Air Force nurse or an office worker, but now I
think I want to be a pilot-this is the 90s and
I feel like I want to do something more for myself.
" My parents think that when I go out after school
I'm looking for trouble ... even though the Young
Khmer Women are going out for community service to break down the stereotypes of kids getting
in trouble. They say, 'I don't see the other kids
going out joining a girls group or whatever you
call it' .. . they just don't understand. They worry
that the neighbors might think I'm going out to
look for trouble - I say I don't care what the
neighbors think."
- Phors
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�"The first time I went to DYS was for hitting the
principal. He came up from behind and put his
hand on me and I turned around and swung at
him because I thought someone was attacking
me. I was sent to Forest Tree Camp ... you're out
there alone with the wind and trees and stars.
They make us walk 42 miles with everything on
our backs-one thing lucky to us is there was
snow, so we cross-country ski for 42 miles
instead of walk."
- Bun
"My mother goes to ESL class, but can't speak much
English. My father's 57 years old. The only time I talk to
him is when we get a phone call, or when the mail comes.
When I ask him for money he never gives me money...
nothing. Right now my parents are doing a blessing on
the house ... every couple of months you have to do a
blessing on the house so the evil don't come."
-Yorn
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47
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�"After I had Gavin, his grandparents gave me an
herbal mixture to drink everyday so the milk
would keep flowing. One time I thought I had no
more milk so I took some of the herbal drink and
the milk poured out of me. They had me take daily
herbal steam baths to rid my body of impurities,
and they put a hot, heavy rock on my stomach to
flatten it and to help me heal quickly. These are
Cambodian customs.
"I went back to school a month after Gavin was
born. I graduate pretty soon and I can't wait for
the senior prom. Having a baby does make it
more difficult, but I love him with all my heart.
He's my 'pumpkin pie in a pea pod."'
-Ry
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49
�50
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�"In Cambodia I was a teacher in a private school. Here I teach K to 7th grade.
Most kids in my class are from broken fam ilies. Every time that the kid have a
problem, I call their house but nobody answer, nobody home. But some parents are very good. They transport the kid from home to scho ol but the kid go
in the front door and get out the bac k door an d the parent never know that. The
administrators say "where do we put th e bad kid?" I say let the parent be
responsible. They shou ld not put bad and good toget her in the cla ss room. If
you have fresh meat in one bu cket and you put bad meat in with it, all the meat
spoil together... same thing in school.
"Discipline is number one for the kids. Th e way we educate kids in Cambodia,
we let them unde rstand that this is part of life skills. We start in the 1st grade.
We create song, we create poem ... I love my mommy. .. I love my daddy. Step
by step if you reinforce every day, the kid have no problem when they grow up.
I educate my daughter, I told her to read boo ks, I encourage her to read-I
believe the more she read, the better she understand. I hope she will be a role
model for my family. She told me she wants to be a doctor. I cannot see into the
future but I hope it comes true ."
- Mr. Sokhan Yang
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51
�"When I was in high school I fell in love. One day I
came home late. That day my boyfriend dropped
me off and my mother questioned me about skipping school with him. I was afraid to stay home
because of my father. My sister and I would be
whipped just for having boyfriends. I went to a
friend's house and didn't come home for a week.
After that my parents made us get married. The
parents feel that the guy that takes you away
loses your virginity. I didn't know anything about
sex. I was 17 and he was 16 when we got married.
We lived with my mom and both went to school.
"One night he went out to shoot some pool and
he never came home-he got killed that night.
I was a widow at 19 with two kids. After he died, I
went into a despair of life. I wanted to die but
people told me you have to be strong. I try to
keep myself busy. I started working as a physical
therapist in high school. Now I want to graduate
from college . . . I know I'm going to lead my kids in
the right way."
-Chhoeun
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�fractured
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53
�"In my family, my parents never really talked to us
about growing up. My father didn't really associate
with anyone. It's been hard for us kids. He works
3rd shift; he's tired all the time . Wh en he did ta lk
to us, he lectured . He doesn't teach us the right
way to grow up . .. only lectured about being good.
"Sunny and I support each other like sisters.
Living with a group of friends is like being in a
family - we're never embarrassed around each
other and we share everything."
-Chhouk
54
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55
�"I ~·anted the o
express xnyse1f es
�I can see the pain in her eyes
her tears tell a story
as they trickle down her cheeks
to form a river full of misery,
yet her courage is relentless
and she never gives up
her spirit is vibrant
and her faith is undying
she doesn't smile often,
but when she does, it is a celebration
her laughter tickles me,
and makes me proud to be her son.
-Chan Snguon
Youth Peace.June, 1995
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57
�• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
A
B
u
0
T
T
H
E
A
u
T
H
0
R
s
James Higgins and Joan Ross work as a photo/design team on documentary and editorial projects. Their first
book on the Southeast Asian community, Southeast Asians: A New Beginning in Lowell, has been distributed
worldwide, and photograp hs from the book have become a traveling exhibit with shows at the National
Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution, and refugee camps in the Philippines. They are
currently working on a project with San Francisco State University and the Bay Area Immigrant Literacy Initiative
documenting community-based organizations in the Bay Area .
I
A special thanks to the guys down at the basketball
court who allowed me to be part of the game . ..
-JH
.. . and to Ry (right) and her mom, Rav (center), who let me
help coach Ry and Soeun ' s son, Gavin, into this world. ..
-JR
58
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�I
��
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Higgins, James (Jim). Lowell Books Collection, 1983-1997
Description
An account of the resource
The James Higgins book collection includes 2 copies each of 3 books related to Lowell and the Lowell area Cambodian and larger Southeast Asian communities. <br /><br />The collection is completely accessible on this site. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7</a>.<br /><br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Julia Huynh, and Chornai Pech.
Source
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Higgins, James (Jim). Lowell Books Collection, 1983-1997. UML 7. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
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The collection finding aid, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7</a>.
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Fractured Identities: Cambodia's Children of War photobook, 1997
Subject
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Black-and-white photography
Cambodian American teenagers
Cambodian Americans
Children and war -- Cambodia
Massachusetts -- Lowell
Description
An account of the resource
A photography book designed and created by James Higgins and Joan Ross with a forward by Sovann-Thida Loeung, an introduction by Tuyet-Lan Pho, and an essay by George Chigas. In "Fractured Identities: Cambodia's Children of War," Higgins and Ross follow up with children depicted on the cover of their book "Southeast Asians: A New Beginning in Lowell" to learn about their lives.
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Higgins, James
Ross, Joan
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Higgins, James (Jim). Lowell Books Collection
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Loom Press
Date
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1997
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UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rights holders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
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English
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Text
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uml7_b01_f02_i001
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Lowell, Massachusetts
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68 p.; 21 x 27
1990-1999
Books
Cambodians
Photobooks
Refugee resettlement
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/37070/archive/files/6ccd5b96db072c26d3c72df260cf49cd.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=L6mIf0vRp4IvabUPzKlMy02L-Ztyt5lUHOBLjTStcSBsDoWZ8ouV1w6yP8womO5GN-Ri41knVb%7EpPOeZZKy8VDMEGXFyntt94OIuMxPU-vxMeAVlKQKZm5BN7sal%7E%7EwvKPdrtnrH4xdROY%7E4cCnn1Sr1i-68PBzZCGatL4i-ujXBRGsRCbt8wdPQS8cCuanZBpyWXkZJiyhtQ7pLrFmUnS1fFSbMAuzZBQIPtmUCSdn8I6Ws0dV7OiYQQVrkMWIFyOGWEyYeLgEq%7EOUVq0u7Fw%7EPJ6JGyNU%7E4A24lx8Lt5a4yG3yuew-S3mR0DuszKy-Ei0P5VIyboq9zA%7ECTN%7EDMg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
1fda8d1eba5fa93e48cd0882a683dce3
PDF Text
Text
A NEW BEGINNING IN LOWELL
BY JAMES HIGGINS & JOAN ROSS
Foreword by Dith Pran Introduction by Hai B. Pho
����Southeast Asians
��Southeast Asians
A NEW BEGINNING IN LOWELL
BY JAMES HIGGINS & JOAN ROSS
PHOTOGRAPHS BY JAMES HIGGINS
Foreword by Dith Pran Introduction by Hai B. Pho
M ILL TOWN GRA PHICS
�Published by:
Mill Town Graphics
P.O. Box 2168
Highlands Station
Lowell, MA 01851
Copyright © 1986 Higgins & Ross
The histories that begin the Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese sections
are excerpted from Peoples and Cultures of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam . Reprinted
with the permission of the Center for Applied Linguistics.
The poem "Yaws" © 1986 George Chigas. Reprinted by permission of the
author.
The Introduction is drawn from a 1983 audio-visual presentation of the Southeast Asian Program, Fitchburg Ethnic Heritage Program Series, sponsored
by the Fitchburg Public Library with Dr. Gunther Hoos, Chairman of the
Communication/Media Department at Fitchburg State College as Director
and Dr. Hai B. Pho as Humanities Scholar.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form
or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and
retrieval systems without the written permission of the publisher except in
the case of brief excerpts for use in critical articles or reviews.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 86-62068
ISBN 0-914613-04-9
Produced in conjunction with the Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association
of Greater Lowell, Inc.
Project Coordination by Carol Keirstead
Book design by Joan Ross
Printed by Mercantile Printing Company
Typeset by Typographix, Inc.
Translation/Calligraphy:
Cambodian by S. Say
Laotian by Sompheth Phothisen
Vietnamese by Tran Kirn Lan
Manufactured in the United States of America
�ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AUTHORS' NOTE
First and foremost we thank all of those whose words and pictures
appear in this book.
The quotations in this book have been written as accurately as
possible in order to preserve the authenticity of the speakers'
voices. In many cases the English is ungrammatical, however this
in itself is telling - learning a new language is a great challenge.
The captions and quotations are, for the most part, said by or
about the subject photographed. We have not attributed the statements out of respect for the privacy of those who helped us create
this book.
We thank Theresa Theobald and the Cambodian Mutual Assistance
Association of Greater Lowell for the organizational support needed
to produce this book.
Carol Keirstead, project coordinator, has been a valuable link to the
Southeast Asian community, where she is so well respected.
We thank the following people and organizations: Narin Sao, George
and Chanthy Chigas, Heng Bun Chea, Sopheap Kuth, Michael Ben
Ho, Joan Gendron, Leslie Yauckoes and all our friends at the Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association; Silvia Sangiolo, Steve Lewis,
Khamsone Silavong, and the Laotian MAA; and Mr. Ong and Mr.
Gia from the Vietnamese MAA . We also wish to thank the following :
Reverend Steven Stager, Kim Jaynes, and members of the Eliot
Presbyterian Church; Vera Godley and the Lowell Ethnic Covenant;
Lydia Mattei, Kathi and Larry Flynn, and the staff at the International Institute; Frank Dalphond and the Merrimack Valley Vietnam
Veterans Organization; Jim Myers - Site Manager, Nate Kinnon
and Sandy Jolin at Digital, Wilmington, MA; Arthur Robbins and
the Lowell Hilton; Marilyn DeAngelis of Channel 56, Boston; Daniel
Lam from the Office of Refugee Resettlement; Joe Antonuccio,
Thoeun Thou, Evelyn Desmarais, Jim Doyle, Carol Merrian, Brian
Dunigan, Kang Song, and Lan Pho.
We gratefully acknowledge the special editorial support we received
from Paul Marion, Cultural Affairs Director, Lowell Historic Preservation Commission, who even walked our dog when things got crazy.
We appreciate the special advice and assistance we received from
Maude Salinger.
We thank Christine Reynolds for her design help.
A special thanks to our three translators: S.Say, Sompheth Phothisen,
and Tran Kim Lan .
Funding for this project was provided by :
rrrth
in
&P1:-'
M ass:1
chusc1ts Founda tion
for t-lu 1 mi 1ics and
m
Publi c Po lic)'
Massachusetts Foundation for Humanities and Public Policy, New England
Telephone Company, Massachusetts Council on the Arts and Humanities
Heritage Program, the Lowell Historic Preservation Commission - United
States Department of the Interior, and the Massachusetts Arts Lottery Council
as administered by the Lowell Arts Council.
Additional support was provided by the Massachusetts Arts Lottery Council as administered by the Chelmsford Arts Council, Community Teamwork, Inc., St. Jean Baptiste Parish, the Church of St. Michael, the First
Bank, the Commonwealth Federal Savings Bank, the Union National
Bank, the Lowell Institute for Savings, and the Bank of Boston .
The Foreword, Introduction Summary, captions, and quotations
are translated into the languages of the Cambodians, Laotians,
and Vietnamese in order to make the book accessible to the
Southeast Asian community.
This book represents almost two years of work with the Southeast
Asian peoples of Lowell. Our respect for them is great - the
friendships made forever rewarding.
J.H. and J.R.
1965, it seems so long ago ... sitting in high school class,
Beatles music playing in my head, and a knot in my
stomach, wondering if I would be called on for an answer.
While on the other side of the world dark clouds were
gathering, clouds that would soon be heading this way.
Decisions being made at the Gulf of Tonkin by people far
removed from Mr. Hogan , my sleepy history teacher.
J.H.
��FOREWORD
by Dith Pran
The plight of refugees is a universal and historic story.
While trapped inside communist Cambodia for four and
one half years, I vowed that when I reached freedom I
would bring my message to the world. My story, as
shown in the film "The Killing Fields," is not just my
story. It is the story of refugees throughout the world.
The Southeast Asian refugees, most of whom were
forced through hardships of war to come to the U.S.A. ,
are now adjusting to life in a new world . These Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese people have suffered
for years. When the war was over in 1975, an internal
holocaust within the Southeast Asian countries con-.
tinued. The survivors fled their country because they
could not live under the communist regime where
they had little food and no freedom.
With the help of volunteer agencies and religious
organizations, these refugees are being taken care of
and are learning to adapt to the language, customs,
and life in their new world. I applaud the American
people because they have a tradition of helping the
suffering people.
I am now a citizen of the United States and I am
proud to be one. I have a home and a country; I am
no longer stateless. As Goodwill Ambassador to the
United Nations, I will continue to promote peace all
over the world. Please share with me my concern for all
the suffering refugees. I hope that someday the people
around the world would join together in creating a
peaceful global society. I am glad you care.
����INTRODUCTION
by Hai B. Pho
To many Americans whose grandparents first made the long journey to the United
States at the turn of the century, the memories of their hardship, struggle, and often
prejudicial treatment are likely wrapped in a mist of sentiment and nostalgia. Through
hard work, education, and sacrifice, they and their children were often rewarded by
a better life. Today, as part of the remaining legacy of the Vietnam War, another first
generation of immigrants is beginning its upward struggle. Lowell is fortunate to count
these courageous people as part of its cultural mosaic, and this book is an effort, at
least in part, to document the upward struggle of the newest group of immigrants,
the Southeast Asian refugees.
Southeast Asia encompasses the vast mainland area east of India and south of
China including Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam as well
as the two island nations of Indonesia and the Philippines. Historically, it has been
a crossroad of cultural activity. For more than 4000 years China, India, and Polynesia
have influenced the languages, customs, and institutions of the peoples of the area.
To these have been added the European Christian influences during the past 500
years resulting in a great diversity of life-style, culture, and language. The region
abounds in great beauty and cultural riches.
Geographically, Indochina reflects the mainland portion of Southeast Asia comprised
of Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Politically, however,
the name Indochina applies only to Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, the countries
which were once known as French Indochina. The history of French Indochina
began in 1893 when the French first proclaimed the Indochinese Union after it had
colonized these three independent states. The Union ended in 1950 when separate
treaties were ratified, recognizing Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos as independent,
self-governing states within the French Union. After the Geneva Conference in 1954
and the dissolution of the French Union, the name Indochina no longer had any
political or constitutional meaning.
Indochina's more than 2000 years of independent existence has been frequently
disrupted by series of border disputes, wars of succession, invasions, and colonizations. Since World War II, after all the great ideologies such as capitalism, communism,
and nationalism had swept across the Asian continent, the Indochinese peoples experienced widespread grassroots struggles for independence from the French and
the ensuing internecine warfare.
Following the decisive loss by the French to Ho Chi Minh's guerrillas at the battle
of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the Geneva Accords was signed which gave international
recognition of independence and unity to Cambodia and Laos, but divided Vietnam
into two portions with an arbitrary line along the 17th parallel. It also left Ngo Dinh
11
�Diem's South Vietnam in a highly vulnerable position to North Vietnam's battle hardened guerrilla armed forces, the People's Liberation Army. It was after this Geneva
Conference that the United States became directly and more deeply involved in
the region.
Speaking in 1955, at a meeting of the American Friends of Vietnam Association
in New York, Senator John F. Kennedy, then a presidential hopeful for the 1956
election, declared:
Vietnam represents the cornerstone of the free world in Southeast Asia,
the keystone of the arch, the finger in the dike. . . .
Vietnam represents a proving ground of democracy in Asia. . . . Vietnam
represents the alternative to Communist dictatorship. . . . The U.S. is
directly responsible for this experiment. . . . We cannot afford to permit
that experiment to fail . . . .
If we are not the parents of little Vietnam, then surely we are the godparents. We presided at its birth, we gave assistance to its life, we have
helped to shape its future . . .. And if it falls victim to any of the perils
that threaten its existence - Communism, political anarchy, poverty, and
the rest - then the U.S., with some justification, will be held responsible.
So, not willing to allow the North Vietnamese Communists to unify the country
either by political maneuver or by force, President Eisenhower authorized an expansion of U.S. economic and military aid to South Vietnam. The battlefields in South
Vietnam were then defined in Cold War theories and principles. South Vietnamese
people thus became freedom fighters and the 17th parallel became the frontier of
the Free World.
Initially, small teams of U.S. military advisors were sent to Vietnam. At first, they
were limited to a training role which was later changed to field advisors restricted
to a "fire when fired upon" rule. This unrealistic dictum was largely ignored by the
Americans and they took active part in skirmishes against the Communist-led front
in the South known as the National Liberation Movement Front or the Vietcong.
America went to Vietnam scarcely guessing the intricacy and pattern of ensuing
events. The War rapidly escalated shortly after the assassination first of Diem then
of Kennedy in November, 1963, and less than a year later President Johnson committed vast sums of AID money and tens of thousands of draftees into the war. In
the South, a succession of generals failed to unify and mobilize the public will to
defeat the Vietcong and the war dragged on. Like the French, the Americans were
suddenly bogged down in a war that seemed unending. Finally, after tremendous
resistance in America to the continuation and expansion of the war, the new strategy
became Vietnamization. Without defeating the Vietcong, America began to withdraw,
transferring all fighting responsibility to the South Vietnamese.
The failure of the U.S. to live by its commitments to support South Vietnam against
the North during the post-1973 Paris Peace Agreement period subsequently led to
12
�the defeat of the South by the North Vietnamese forces on April 30, 1975. Thus, the
last American presence that many South Vietnamese saw was the U.S. helicopters
leaving the American Embassy in Saigon.
Less than two weeks before the capture of Saigon, Communist forces had seized
control of Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia. But after four years of genocidal
ruthlessness by Cambodian Premier Pol Pot, supported by the People's Republic of
China, the Vietnamese Communist Army rolled into Cambodia and engaged the
savage Khmer Rouge. Vietnam ultimately installed Heng Samrin as a new Cambodian Premier. Laos too came under complete control of Vietnam's Communist ally,
the Pathet Lao in December, 1975.
Since the middle of 1975, the great question in Indochina has not been freedom,
but survival for those who hadn't given their loyalty to the Communist forces. Thus,
after the Communist takeover more than 1.5 million people had escaped the new
Regimes and started a search for a new beginning. Some fled for fear of reprisal. Some
were pushed out because they were dissidents. Some, like the ethnic Chinese, were
forcefully evacuated. And some left in search of freedom.
The Vietnamese exodus took place in three phases. The first came after the fall
of the Saigon government in April, 1975. In only three months over 130,000 Vietnamese
refugees entered the United States. Vietnamese who had worked for the U.S. government as well as members of their families were evacuated along with the officials of
the South Vietnamese government. Phase two refugees left Vietnam for a number of
reasons including the steady nationalization of the private sector, the erosion of personal freedom, and the establishment of reeducation camps, actually, concentration
camps. When registration for these camps began, many took small crafts that were
readily available and headed for ports in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore. Of all who left by boat during this time, more than half never made it to their
destination. The Vietnamese dead may total 400,000. The phase three exodus began
in 1978. This phase was characterized by the forcible eviction of Vietnam's ethnic
Chinese population. No transportation was provided and they too were forced to
leave on any available vessel. A conservative estimate was that between 30,000 and
50,000 persons drowned each month from May to July, 1979.
In 1975 the Communist Pathet Lao took total control over the Laotian government.
This also caused a massive exodus of many anticommunist Laotians as well as the
Hmong people of Laos. The Hmong had worked closely for 15 years with the U.S.
military and were involved in the effort to rescue U.S. pilots who were shot down
over North Vietnam. During their 20 to 25 days walk from the hills of Laos to
Thailand, many Hmong were assaulted, abused, or killed. They slipped over the
Mekong at night aboard logs, make-shift rafts, or even lengths of bamboo underneath their arms to make a break for freedom. Once the survivors made it across
the river to Thailand, many were placed into jails and ultimately into Thai camps.
When Pol Pot ruled Cambodia, only a trickle of refugees escaped across the
Thai border with unbelievable tales of horror. It was after the defeat of the Khmer
13
�Rouge by the invading Vietnamese forces that a flood of Cambodians spilled into
Thailand. While a complete story of this modern day genocide may never be told,
it was estimated that over three million, or nearly half of the Cambodian population, died at the hands of the Khmer Rouge. Anyone found to have some association with the West was summarily executed. The urban population, including the
old and the sick in hospitals, was forced to march to communal labor camps in
remote jungle bases. Infractions of the harsh, inhuman rules were punishable by
death. Food shortage was rampant and, in the fall of 1978, famine threatened the
survival of the entire country. The plight of the Cambodians attracted worldwide
attention.
The Indochinese refugee situation became a major international issue in 1979.
Countries of first asylum sometimes refused to accept anymore refugees. International resettlement efforts were slow and bound up in red tape as well as politics.
The July, 1979 Geneva Refugee Conference acknowledged an important principle.
Refugee assistance should be considered an international responsibility. As a result
of this conference, resettlements were doubled. Another development at Geneva
was the Philippine Government's offer to provide a site for a facility which would
serve as a refugee processing center. The U.S. strongly supported the establishment
of such a site as a means of relieving the pressure on the countries of first- asylum
and thereby encouraged them to continue to accept all new arrivals. From these camps
of first asylum in Thailand, Malaysia, and Hong Kong, the refugees were eventually
processed and resettled in many parts of the world including the U.S.
Many regulations had been written to facilitate the resettlement of Indochinese
refugees into the U.S., however, it was the enactment of the Refugee Act of 1980
which helped to speed up the resettlement of Indochinese refugees throughout the
United States. This law which defined a refugee as any person who is unable or
unwilling to return to his/her country ''because of persecution or a well-founded
fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion," established the Federal Office of Refugee
Resettlement and enabled the government to raise more funds for refugee reception and placement, cash and medical assistance, and language skills training as
well as employment services. Refugee resettlement also increased in Massachusetts
as a result of the Dukakis Administration's leadership with prominent citizens
advocating for speedier family reunifications and less restrictive regulations for
persecuted Cambodian applicants. The Refugee State Plan was extensively revised
to facilitate access to state programs and services by refugees with linguistic and
cultural barriers. Supplemental funds were appropriated by the State Legislature
to assist cities and towns which received a high number of new immigrants and
refugees.
Nationwide, the refugee resettlement program was carried out by eleven U.S. volunteer agencies including among others the American Council for Nationalities Service,
the American Fund For Czechoslovak Refugees, the Buddhist Council for Refugee
14
�Rescue and Resettlement, and the U.S. Catholic Conference. These agencies, under contract to the government, work to find individual or group sponsors who can assume
responsibility for the refugee family. It was through such sponsorship that refugees
from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos found their way to Lowell. The sponsors, sometimes organized through churches and sometimes by the agencies themselves, played
an important role for the new residents. Initially, they provided food, shelter, and
clothing for the arriving family. Later, they assisted in finding employment, enrolling the children in schools, and helping the immigrants to understand and cope
with the American customs. Through informal sponsorship duties, the sponsors
often became close friends of the families and provided much needed personal
support and encouragement during difficult times.
In Lowell, the Indochinese refugees were mostly received and placed by the American Fund for Czechoslovak Refugees and the American Council for Nationalities
Service. They were also helped to resettle by local churches as well as the Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association (MAA), the Laotian MAA, the Vietnamese MAA,
and the International Institute of Lowell. These organizations are active in finding
sponsors for new refugees as well as in providing job development and language
training. Agency people continue to assist the new immigrants in their adjustment
to life in the new country.
In some ways, particularly with sponsorship and the state and federal governments
taking a pro-active role, it is now easier for the new immigrants to assimilate into
the American way of life especially when compared to the settlers at the turn of the
century. Some problems, however, have not changed, such as the need to acquire the
English language so that economic opportunities may be realized, the difficulty of
finding employment during hard economic times, and of course, the problems of prejudice and suspicion. But as other immigrant groups before them, the Indochinese
are ambitious, hard working, and greatly value education. These characteristics have
been and continue to be the classic ingredients of American upward mobility. The
earliest Indochinese refugees settled in Lowell only ten years ago. But many have
already succeeded in improving their own economic situations. Families have become
home-owners and have acquired other material goods. The high schools are regularly
graduating sons and daughters of Indochinese immigrants. Some are now enrolled
in colleges. Others are already working as technicians and engineers in high tech industries. And of course, most members of the Indochinese community are looking
forward to receiving American citizenship papers. Although assimilation into American ways is important, the Indochinese immigrants greatly value their cultural traditions
and keep them alive during celebrations and festivals throughout the year.
The first generation of Indochinese refugees can never forget the horror of war
and persecution that expelled them from their own countries or the Americans
who welcomed them and brought them here. But like other ethnic groups before
them, they are busy preparing a secure and stable future for themselves and for
their children in a new land.
15
�16
�17
�Gulf of
Thailand
KEY
INDOCHINA
~ Refugee
Escape Routes
I Refugee Camps
�The recorded history of Cambodia dates back to the first
century A.O., when it was known as Funan (100-500 A.O.).
This was followed by the Angkor period which lasted until
1432. It was a period of great accomplishments in culture,
arts and architecture. At its peak, the empire extended from
the Annamite Chain in present-day southern Vietnam to the
Gulf of Thailand . The temples at Angkor were erected during this period, which has been described as the height of
Cambodian domination in Southeast Asia.
At the end of the 13th century, the empire disintegrated
into small kingdoms often ruled by Thai vassals. The struggle
for territory between the Thais, Cambodians and Vietnamese
has continued to the present . Cambodia became a French
protectorate in 1864, and achieved complete independence
under the leadership of Prince Norodom Sihanouk after the
1954 Geneva Conference.
In 1970, Sihanouk was overthrown by his Prime Minister,
General Lon-Nol. That same year, Cambodia was the target
of attacks from the spreading war in Vietnam. This spurred
the growth of the Khmer communist faction (Khmer Rouge),
which gained control of the country in 1975, under the
leadership of Pol Pot. In 1979, the Vietnamese communists
overran and occupied Cambodia, installing a government
headed by Heng Samrin. The Vietnamese communist occupation, along with the Pol Pot generated holocaust, caused
an increasing number of Khmer people to flee their homeland
and become refugees in Thailand. Some 8,000 Cambodians
who are here today in Lowell, are victims of this continuing
war and turmoil .
19
Cambodians
�Most Cambodian refugees wait
in the camps (holding centers)
in Thailand for one to five years
while arrangements are made
for their resettlement . Language
instruction and cultural orientation are then received at a processing center before leaving for
the United States. The Mom
family waited in the camps for
six years before they could leave.
After a twenty-five hour flight
from Bangkok, they arrived in
Boston where Ing Mom ' s sister
and niece (on left) were there
to meet them .
20
�21
�A newly arrived refugee family is
given a demonstration of a hair
dryer found in a donated box of
clothes and small appliances .
22
�23
�Keo Saray' s parents are still in a
camp on the Thai-Khmer border.
They are not recognized as refugees by the Thai government
or the U.S. government. They
are considered '' displaced persons." Their only choices are to
go back to communist Cambodia
or wait in the camp with the
hope that someday their status
will change .
24
�25
�Poeun is forty-two years old.
She's had ten babies but now
there are six - four of them
died during the Khmer Rouge
regime.
"In Cambodia there are lots
of trees - hammocks are very
common. It's so easy to 'string
it and swing it. ' "
26
�27
�"Last night I heard a tape with
the songs of my country. In my
mind I went back to my grandparents' farm where I walked
through fields of coconut and
orange trees and ate fresh pineapple. I felt like there's no place
like home ."
28
�29
�Bun Vong and a friend were driving on the Revere Beach Parkway
when they became involved in
a traffic dispute with another
vehicle . A fight started and Bun
Vong was knocked unconscious .
He died of brain damage eleven
days later. In the second of two
trials, one of his assailants was
convicted of manslaughter.
The press converged on Bun
Yong's widow as she left the
funeral home . There was a barrage of questions and then an
awkward silence as she began
to cry . . . the only other sounds
coming from the click and whirl
of cameras .
30
�31
��33
�Rom was a village leader in
Cambodia . When he started ESL
(English as a Second Language)
classes, he had a strong motivation to learn . He entered the
clerical program but became frustrated with the level of language
skills required . He would say,
" I can 't keep it in my head - my
brain is too old." After transferring to the electrical program
that offered more hands-on skills,
Rom made good progress.
" When I go to look for a job,
maybe I will bring this to show
and say to them 'this is my
certificate. ' "
34
�35
�Division of Employment Security
" When I tell them a job is
available they ask if any other
Cambodians work there. If I
say no, then they don't want
to go. If their own people are
working there they feel comfortable . They are away from
their own country and things
seem strange here ."
36
�37
�The Moore Street School opened
in January, 1986, to house the
rapidly increasing population of
Cambodian students. The school,
segregated until June, 1986, is an
example of the emergency conditions facing public institutions
that deal with the Southeast
Asian refugees .
38
�39
�"12 Sisters" is a Cambodian folk
story that has been handed down
from generation to generation
and carried to Lowell by the
refugees . The film was shown
at St. Patrick's Church with a
translator for the English speaking viewers .
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ffvi· m c:ifut3.e, cti,,~ o ~ h."1i
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40
c1,c,1; ck
~,4
.
�41
�" Under communist regime we
lost more than three million
people. We lost everything all of our culture which took
more than 1000 years to build,
and all of our trust for each
other. We only trusted the
Buddhist monk. Only the Buddhist religion can rebuild our
culture."
42
�43
�The day came for celebrating
the opening of the new Trairatanaram Temple, which had once
been a Knights of Columbus
Hall. Everyone dressed up everyone 's spirits soared. The
next day they found out that it
was illegal for Venerable Khon
Sao to stay there without an
occupancy permit. After contributing much time and hard
earned money, the permit was
finally granted .
"In Cambodia if you want to
build a house or a temple and
live there, you go out and cut
away some bamboo, drag it to
where you want to build it, and
move in."
44
�45
�"An American man come two
times to our house and ask me
if he can have my son to be his
son. He say he will give him
everything he need and send
him to college. I have one son
- I don' t give to somebody. I'm
his mother - he 's a good boy
and I love him too."
46
�47
�Many Southeast Asians became
Christians in the refugee camps
where there were missionary
nurses and workers . When we
asked Cheth if we could photograph his family with its newest
son, he wanted to make sure
that his pastor was included in
the photograph .
48
�49
�50
�51
�Formal education in Cambodia
stopped under Pol Pot's regime.
At thirty years old, Salay is
graduating from high school.
"I' m not really proud yet until
the next diploma - then I'm
born again . When I finish with
college, if God wants me to, I
would like to be a missionary .
That's why I try so hard to study.
I want to go back to help my
people - if not my people then
others who need help ."
52
�53
�" The main reason I buy a house
is so I can be independent. Now
we can welcome everyone here
without having complaints from
a landlord . My father-in-law ' s
friends live here too because
they have nowhere to go . We
all live together; it's Cambodian
custom to receive anyone that
needs a home ."
t.<
r-
9
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nn'"' ~u zou r::nu:J tn t.9ul rs9JJ
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...,
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F>IJ, J.JJ...} U..UJ.J"l,:J.JUlr>>"c:)J...J2.~
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54
�55
�'When we fight in the Cambodian Army we believe the more
tattoos on the body, the more
protection in the war:'
56
�57
�L.<-
"My grandmother says 'if my
country is free, I want to go
back,' but we like it here . Even
if it's free, I don ' t think I go
back - I stay here ."
,
I,..,
t,..
_ ...
'
cc. ....
rr.vc'>UJt&u,:n::n ,z,r./:,cno
p...
~
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v (:i\_ C'\., ')')
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f o.!(l}•
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v.
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ff JJ.v.>J .uurrfu
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58
>>
�59
�I
Mother and child at home in
the U.S.A .
r Q..'Q._ ()
<f.JJ rr;;,~ -;:)>'HJ ,n r:seu1u t.fs r~:::I:.
tnt::x> ~= ,_!}~,n .
60
-1-iu· ~
· u
h
tvJ·
{;,(Jh
O L ?tk-
�61
�Phalik performs traditional Cambodian dances - her brother likes
the "moon walk" better.
~/<._--&,~~
ot;~
Vc,/-f¼ ::J~ f{lc,~
u/4 Wl? -~ -~
Gm fw• 'c ;
'
I
·
~~
~ '' /vu;oh Sa.f.):_ ' MIL-_
1
62
�63
�mJ.J~:r~.u.d=~~C;jq~'-:Jr.,
Cambodian New Year Celebration
t. • .ui..J
64
.
�65
�The first wedding of an American
man and Cambodian woman
in Lowell.
"The priest gives the couple a
haircut as a symbol of cleanliness. The locks of hair will be
mixed in a bowl to symbolize
the sharing of the bride and
groom. The monks advise them
to use the plural, not singular,
when speaking in the house .
They should say we instead
of I."
66
�67
�YAWS*
A scratch was doom
if their village had it.
Without penicilin
it could hide in blood forever
burning holes through skin that won't close.
She said her mother put leaves on infected sores
to draw the tiny worms started by flies
far enough out to get at with toothpicks.
My experience doesn't even begin to touch this.
The closest it ever came
was the summer I got poison ivy
chipping out of rough to save par.
And when I ask her, she'll just shrug it off.
To her it's just something terrible that happened.
We even laugh when she tilts back on her heels
with fingers and toes spread
to show how they walked.
*A tropical condition caused by a bacteria, characterized by skin
lesions on faces, palms of hands and soles of feet .
68
�69
�The Lao people moved from the Yunnan area of China and
settled in the northern part of Laos in 658 A.O., eventually
spreading throughout the present-day areas of Laos and
Thailand . Many wars were fought among clans to gain domination. There were three major kingdoms in Laos by 1707. By
1779, the kingdoms were colonized by the King of Thailand.
Many unsuccessful attempts by the Lao to free themselves
from Thai domination followed . In 1893, France took control of Indochina and pressured the King of Thailand into
relinquishing some of the Lao territory. A treaty was signed
in 1907 dividing the Lao people into two nations, one under
French control, the other under Thai.
During World War II, Japan conquered Laos, pushing the
French out of the country. Its rule was short-lived, however,
and France regained control in 1946. This resulted in many
Lao leaders fleeing to Thailand to create a "Free Movement."
The Movement was successful in 1949, when Laos was given
greater independence by France, and many members of the
"Free Movement" returned to Laos and participated in the
70
�formation of the new government. Others, however, remained
in Thailand and founded a movement known as the "Pathet
Lao," led by Prince Souphanouvong. The Pathet Lao was
headquartered in northeastern Laos.
Subsequent years saw continuous power struggles between
various factions for control of the government. During this
time, in 1954, Laos achieved full independence. The power
struggles continued, and Prince Souphanouvong was arrested.
He later escaped to the jungle to join the Pathet Lao. A coalition government was formed in 1962, under the leadership
of Souvanna Phouma, to demonstrate solidarity. This government received aid from the United States. This support was
phased out, however, in 1973, when another coalition
government - between the communist Pathet Lao and the
Royal Lao Government - was being created. Communist
control was total by December 1975. The current exodus of
refugees from Laos began at that time, as those who resisted
communist control escaped the country. Some 2,000 Laotians
are here in Lowell today.
71
Laotians ·
�"There are several things that
bind all Southeast Asians: the
suffering they have experienced,
religion, and good food . When
Chanthip and I opened the restaurant we wanted to make sure
that the food was authentic . That
meant not worrying about the
Americans and what they would
think of the smells or the taste
of the food . We wanted to have
a congregating place for the
Asians - something that they
could call their own. "
......,
,
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72
--,"")
�73
�Somdeth has been in this country for less than two years. He
escaped from Laos by swimming
across the Mekong river at night
with a plastic bag he filled with
air to help keep him afloat. His
seven brothers and sisters and
parents remain in Laos .
"When I came to Lowell I went
to Adult Education classes for
ESL, and then to a special banking program at the Vocational
School. I feel very lucky to have
my job at the bank. The people
who come here always ask how
to pronounce my last name . They
want to know why I came over
here, but I have a hard time to
explain ."
74
�75
�0 Q
I
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A Lao/Cambodian wedding .
WV)
Neither bride nor groom speaks
the other' s language, although
they both speak a little English .
The bride's relative says " they
need an interpreter by day, but
not by night. "
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76
0
c.l,:nt.c.1,.e,~JJ9:1'? ''7)".UJ..J
wo.n.z. , ,o, u:J :ers7 ~: ,.:n
- o~ ......... '6 •
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�"When I dance I feel like a thousand eyes are looking at me."
77
�'When we get to America my
sons grow faster. It's sports and
American food that make them
grow tall. They don't like Lao
food - they like McDonald's
and Papa Gino's and they
drink lots of Pepsi:'
78
�79
�80
�81
�, ft.i' l<f_ d,·o/ilM
IU/W) c1-u; ~ I :6-t; Il{_ (._
v~ do-,-:6 ~~
fedi Ouw-c Lao cf-e ... ~
~t)rf_ t1J ~ ~
~
Centuries of migration caused
the hill tribes of Northern Laos
to create a portable art. For
hundreds of years textile designs
have been passed down from
mother to daughter . This Hmong
tapestry, made in a refugee
camp, is an example of Pa'ndau
which means "Flower Cloth ."
C..0 /
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a
11.,6 i .
~
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fx Jv:µ-J · -& 1n-.?I- ~
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82
Va-<
fka._. .,
u:
�83
�0.
0.,..
The Pink and The Purple
f):JJ:::Si_,JJb
"We know the Lao music but we
like American better - it's the
beat I guess. We like groups like
Kiss, Dokken, Keel, and Motley
Criie. Right now we just play for
fun, but you never know . . . . "
H;::)~
I
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I I
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84
�85
�"My parents have a lot of kids,
they can't raise them all so we
have to separate and go to live
with different relatives. That way
we can have something to eat
growing up and we can go to
school instead of work in the
fields. I don' t know exactly
how many brothers and sisters
I have . When I was seventeen
I try to track them down and
I found two or three of them .
Then after sixteen years away
I meet my real mother again.
She cries and tells me she feels
very, very sorry but that it was
the best thing she could do .
When I come to this country my
sister try to help me out so she
wants one of my twins for her
own . I tell her I want to raise
all my kids. I don't want them
to separate. I want every kid
with me no matter where I go ."
86
�87
�"When my son was three he
got poison from lead paint and
took a lot of medicine . I move
to another apartment but now
I patch up all the holes in the
wall because I'm afraid for his
sister."
88
�89
�"We all share the bathroom.
There is no electricity - if we
close the door we can't see. "
90
�91
�"I leave my first job at 2 p .m.
and get home and pick up my
son from school. I feed my son
and daughter and when my wife
gets home from work, I leave
for my second job . Many times
I work overtime on Saturdays .
On Sundays we usually do the
shopping. "
92
�93
�" I have lots of problems here
- broken windows, the ceiling
broken down, toilet and sink
that don't work. Every time I
have a problem I call the landlord but nobody ever come. I
need a better place for her."
94
�95
�~1-'·a- Nj
'"t>"la;,
'1n Laos, the elderly spend their
time in the yard . The yard is
not grass but a large vegetable
garden that provides food for
the famil y. Now, she lives on
the third floor of a tenement
building. Below is a parking
lot. She speaks no English,
there is nowhere to go."
nef /JA,U ca/ ~a:_
ck'-cd
M-ue
Vdoh..
d:ii c//.,c, 'fr'e<-
c/40,. . ¾ J'?,- /!:a-~
~ f-ih Jdj -t/l._,J' '3 0,,,i'aw~.eu') j-.w"ci ' Mt
~- ~ alfk ;c-e-. .3a rtwy
~~
~- cf~~
~~
Offd;/, JJ
1.-
96
-h~i
,1,,.1._ vd
eo' c.A.o~ ),ac, ah.'-
�97
��99
�"Now that I'm a United States
citizen I feel more confident living
here . I feel different. Not only
my appearance is different, I feel
different inside. . . being one of
the people in this big country."
100
�101
�The ethnic Vietnamese are believed to be mainly descendants
of a Mongoloid race who spread southward through the
Red River delta. The Chinese conquered the area in the second century, B.C., and ruled for a thousand years.
After many revolts against China were attempted and failed
during that long period of domination, the Vietnamese finally
succeeded in regaining independence and founded the first
national dynasty in 938 A.O. Subsequent invasions from the
north were repelled, including the major one by the powerful Mongols in the late 13th century. In the 15th century,
China tried again to re-establish its rule but was defeated
by the Le dynasty after ten years of war.
Vietnam's sovereignty ended with the advent of French colonization which was achieved in 1883 and lasted for about
60 years. In 1940, the Japanese entered Vietnam with the
consent of the Vichy government. In March 1945, Japan overthrew the French authorities and granted independence to
Vietnam under Emperor Bao Dai, the last ruler of the Nguyen
dynasty. In August 1945, only a few days after Japan surrendered to the Allies, Bao Dai handed over the imperial seal to
Ho Chi Minh, who declared independence that September.
Negotiations with the French to implement this independence
102
failed, and the French-Indochina war began. It ended in 1954
at the battle of Dien Bien Phu, after eight years of enormous
casualties. The 1954 Geneva Accord divided Vietnam at the
17th parallel, placing the North under Ho Chi Minh and the
South under ex-Experor Bao Dai, now Chief of State, who
later lost control to his prime minister, Ngo Dinh Diem, in
a referendum.
After a few years of relative peace, the early 1960's were
marked by a steadily increasing penetration of South Vietnam
by Vietnamese communist guerrillas known as the Viet Cong.
Beginning in early 1965, the pace of the war accelerated
sharply. From being largely supportive and advisory, the
United States role increasingly became one of active combat,
with U.S. troops engaging in operations designed to search
out and destroy the guerrillas. During this period, the internal political situation in South Vietnam was in turmoil. After
the coup d'etat in November 1963, during which President
Ngo Dinh Diem was killed, rule was taken over by successive
military regimes. Corruption was a constant problem, and
the political unrest fueled Viet Cong efforts. Finally after
persistent peace talks and negotiations, a Peace Agreement
was signed in Paris on January 27, 1973.
�The Peace Agreement was intended to bring about a ceasefire throughout the country, the beginning of negotiations
between the two Vietnams toward a political settlement, and
the withdrawal of foreign military forces. All U.S. forces were
withdrawn within the stipulated 60-day period . While South
Vietnam lost the vital support of the United States and had
too little time to consolidate its own strength, North Vietnam
continued a massive infiltration of troops and military supplies.
As a result, the defense system in the South rapidly disintegrated, and Saigon finally fell into communist hands on
April 30, 1975, causing a massive and chaotic evacuation of
at least 130,000 people in only a few days.
The pacification, the unification, and the enactment of
economic and political policies by the victorious communist
authorities in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos produced a
continuous stream of refugees to the first asylum countries
of Thailand, Malaysia, the Peoples Republic of China, Hong
Kong, and the Philippines. By the end of January, 1986 nearly
1.7 million people had fled their homelands. Of these, 781,000
have been resettled in the United States, 728,000 in other countries, and over 154,000 are still languishing in refugee camps.
As a result of the U.S. Refugee Resettlement Policy some
1,000 Vietnamese refugees have resettled in the Lowell area.
103
Vietnamese
�"Before my husband died he left
a portrait of himself dressed in
his traditional mandarin robe
and seated in the ceremonial
position. I am 88 years old now
and must prepare to die. I have
nothing to leave behind but this
portrait of me properly seated so
that after I am dead, it will be
placed on the family altar, next
to my husband's portrait for all
my children to remember us."
104
�105
�"' [} '-u"r-i/..
'1 work on a TV station in Vietnam singing and dancing. My
husband was a conductor in the
army and write patriotic songs.
When Saigon fell in 1975 he
have to escape. One day I'm
home cooking and I say 'Oh
my God, my husband not come
home.' We don't think we meet
again, but three years later I
receive a letter that he is safe in
America . We make a plan for
me to escape when my daughters are older. When I get to
Thailand they take everything I
have, my clothes . . . everything.
Some girls they grab and rape.
Thank God my daughters were
only five and six. It's terrible in
the camps. After five years we
meet in America . Now we have
two more kids. We live for our
kids - they must grow up right."
N{Av._
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106
\, _(~ UL,~
�107
�IN
Khanhnguyen's brother and
sister escaped from Vietnam by
boat in 1979. Three years later,
resettlement in the United States
was arranged for Khanhnguyen
and his parents. Khanhnguyen
is now enrolled in the College
of Music at the University of
Lowell.
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"When I first came to the University, I was very lonely and
depressed . It wasn 't easy for
me to make friends . The first
time I was to perform before
the school, I walked onto the
stage and back off again. I failed
because I was too nervous, I
could not cope." A month later
Khanhnguyen performed before
the school with his own improvised work . He received three
standing ovations.
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108
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�109
�Six days a week Dr. Tran drives
from his home in Connecticut
to his office in Lowell. He never
knows how many patients will
be waiting because appointments are not necessary.
"It's like a walk-in clinic here
- the people are used to it
that way. Back home they don't
make appointments because
people don't have telephones.
They like to keep it the same
way here."
110
�111
�"I believe nobody should work
for the first seven days of Tet
because it will bring bad luck
and hard life for the rest of the
year. I must prepare all these
special dishes in advance so
that at New Year all this food
will be offered to my Creator,
to the souls of the family ancestors who are expected to visit
us, and to all my children and
grandchildren who must come
to visit me and wish me a happy
long life."
112
�113
�Vietnamese New Year (TET)
'' All other activities come to
a halt, every sorrow set aside
before midnight of New Year's
Eve. This is a time when some
people shoot firecrackers to welcome the New Year and others
quietly pray at pagodas and
temples ."
114
�115
��117
�International Beauty Salon
" Asian hair is very straight and
strong. The men love to have
their hair permed - they can
do more with it. They don ' t go
to American shops because many
cannot speak English . Besides
Vietnamese, I speak Lao and a
little Cambodian. They are so
happy that I can speak their
language . "
118
�119
�Job interviews in this country
can sometimes be difficult for
Asians. Their interviewing
skills come from a culture less
aggressive than our own. Phu's
American friends helped prepare
her to be interviewed for an
engineering position.
"After my interview at Digital,
I think I better wait for this job .
The people are friendly and
always help each other. At work
I'm very Americanized but I
don't lose my tradition . Within
the family I'm very Vietnamese."
120
�121
�John at home with fiancee.
In July, 1979, John and his older
brother escaped from Vietnam on
a twenty foot fishing boat. Late
at night, sixty-five men, women,
and children met on the shore
and swam one mile to the boat.
The younger children were
pushed on floats . Each person
paid the boat owner one bar of
gold . After seven days and nights
in rough waters, without food ,
they landed in the Philippines .
" After we buried one boy at
sea who died from starvation, I
wished that the boat would capsize so that I would die. . . then
I wouldn't have to be so afraid ."
t /.,<>l.
122
I
'I
~
/J - \.
0P--< - ··
;,>
�123
�"Look at him - see what a terrible life he' s had . He was a
major in the Saigon Army . Look
at him now ... I don' t believe
this ."
124
�125
�Memorial Day Parade
" These guys are our allies . We
fought side by side with them.
I said to myself - who' s more
of a Vietnam Veteran than the
Vietnamese?"
126
�127
�''When I was in the refugee
camps I light a candle in a bowl
and turn it upside down so the
smoke go on the inside of the
bowl. Then I use the black smoke
on the brush to paint. I did this
painting after I get to this country. It' s about the boat people
from my country who would
rather die on the sea than live
under communistic atheism. "
128
�129
�The Catholic Church has been a
source of friendship and support
for the Southeast Asian refugees ... and sometimes vice versa .
"I won' t need to look in the
mirror to see if the cut' s a good
one. If it's done out of love,
it' s good ."
130
�131
��JAMES HIGGINS and JOAN ROSS work as a
photo/design team on documentary, editorial, and
architectural projects. Their first book Lowell - A
Contemporary View, has been distributed both regionally and nationally. They are currently working on
a book documenting the cultural aspects of Ulster
and the Republic of Ireland. They make their
home, with three children, in North Chelmsford,
Massachusetts.
HAI B. PHO, Ph.D. , Project Humanities Scholar,
is an associate professor of Political Science at the
University of Lowell. He is a member of the Board
of Directors for the Indochinese Refugees Foundation and serves as a Co-chair on the Governor's
Advisory Council for Refugee Resettlement.
CAROL KEIRSTEAD, Project Coordinator, works
as the curriculum coordinator for the Southeast
Asian Bilingual Program in the Lowell Public
Schools. Ms. Keirstead holds a Master's degree
in Administration, Planning, and Policy and has
worked as an advocate for Southeast Asian
refugees in Lowell for over five years.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Higgins, James (Jim). Lowell Books Collection, 1983-1997
Description
An account of the resource
The James Higgins book collection includes 2 copies each of 3 books related to Lowell and the Lowell area Cambodian and larger Southeast Asian communities. <br /><br />The collection is completely accessible on this site. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7</a>.<br /><br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Julia Huynh, and Chornai Pech.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Higgins, James (Jim). Lowell Books Collection, 1983-1997. UML 7. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Relation
A related resource
The collection finding aid, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml7</a>.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Southeast Asians: A New Beginning in Lowell photobook, 1986
Subject
The topic of the resource
Refugees--Southeast Asia
Cambodian Americans
Laotian Americans
Vietnamese Americans
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
A photography book designed and created by James Higgins and Joan Ross with a foreword written by Dith Pran and and introduction by Hai B. Pho. "Southeast Asians: A New Beginning in Lowell" highlights some members of the Cambodian, Laotian and Vietnamese community in Lowell, Massachussetts. Some photographs are accompanied by text translated into English, Khmer, Lao and Vietnamese.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Higgins, James
Ross, Joan
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Higgins, James (Jim). Lowell Books Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Mill Town Graphics
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1986
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
140p.; 10.5 x 10.5
Language
A language of the resource
English
Khmer
Lao
Vietnamese
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml7_b01_f01_i001
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Books
Cambodians
Laotians
Photobooks
Refugee resettlement
Vietnamese
-
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294745d8ff7909a465bebf6fe4c1af04
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a man standing in a room with tools and supplies, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a man standing in a room with tools and supplies. A sticker with the word "Mechanic" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i041
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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34b30f9de2b3d8a2a5ce4fc0f52f77a5
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a woman writing on a clipboard, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a woman writing on a clipboard. A sticker with the words "Calling For Mech." is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i040
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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3add4c153b45bf02e80eb0be1a8e82b1
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a man handling a garbage bag, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Janitors
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a man leaning over an open bin pulling up a garbag bag. A sticker with the word "Janitor" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i039
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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1fd800a22fffcd0444cea23771aa7866
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a woman seated at a desk and talking on a phone, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a woman seated at an office desk with paperwork and talking on a rotary dial telephone. A sticker with the words "Production Manager" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i038
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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83a2d5b15d47182344689682e06da6ee
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Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a building's cafeteria, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a building's cafeteria with tables, folding chairs, and vending machines. A sticker with the words "Cafeteria/Lunch Room" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i037
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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1c678d9db9a7e33d4de115fe328d0d57
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a woman on her office phone, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a woman on her office phone inside a room with a "Receptionist" door sign. A sticker with the word "Receptionist" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
Lowell
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i036
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a "Fire Escape" sign, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Signs and signboards
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of the inside of a building that shows a "Fire Escape" sign hanging from the ceiling. A sticker with the word "Safety Sign" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i035
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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47f3ae9b867ac7c212f6e82dcb9d9c5f
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of china storage area, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a storage area with shelving for dishes and poker chip dish dollies. A sticker with the word "China" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i034
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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f713ab92105ae86791ce600b493a228f
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a few glass racks, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Glassware
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a few glass racks in a kitchen. A sticker with the words "Glass Racks" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i033
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/37070/archive/files/8723ee9ec53f83e8620ac2b83fe99afc.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=UEDCSYO28IEMzbKknPWg-Czp8QhvNARu3gAFFBmFpr2qEJWSJtT-NMKdxvsOpWevjlfgTGdR%7Ea3zHp9wgRacMWoeX%7EXmhureKUdaAQ16ehaSdbtKkQNVMMcxmV0kOE0B4tQu4R-gaeynUkwmy6MOUxqRqV0UoiBWY22gaF6bkt%7EW2KEyq99C9PZKZyF7tE7jaNuUNw62t4UR0Tjoh4MJkm9h91K5JQRp0KcsVXWFp7-OkwyoJOyH8qEMB3TJrIjHkoo3wgq--msFfE54%7EPzot%7Etc%7EUBya56-YqUN%7EW%7EkUO5F%7ElGbY2Ae1GhTM0wwmlf-sOel7SKGMq%7ERDBVxcp3e9g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
a3bcd4191b2135861a4a671bb64d69aa
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of poker chip dish dollies, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of several poker chip dish dollies. A sticker with the words "Poker Chip" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i032
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of the outside of the Personnel Office, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of the outside of the Personnel Office. A sticker with the words "Personnel Office" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i031
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of cafeteria serving area and tables, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of cafeteria serving area and tables and chairs. A sticker with the words "Employee Cafeteria" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i030
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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PDF Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a cart with kitchenware stationed along a wall, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a cart with kitchenware stationed along a wall. A sticker with the words "The Queen" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i029
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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PDF Text
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�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a kitchen sink area, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Kitchens
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a kitchen sink area with pots. A sticker with the words "Upstairs Dish Area" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i028
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a time clock, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a time clock. A sticker with the words "Time Clock" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i027
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a kitchen sink and shelving area, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a kitchen sink and shelving area with pots. A sticker with the words "Upstairs Pot Area" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i026
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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PDF Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a man sitting in a security station, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a man sitting in a security station. A sticker with the word "Security Guard" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i025
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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7eea3c7a9e7f52ada99c3223348009ce
PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a large dumpster outside a building, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Waste disposal
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a large dumpster outside a building. A sticker with the words "Dumpster" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i024
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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d87647b57425d18f6d7898b7d052ee71
PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a man in a room with storage unit shelves, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Silverware
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a man in a room with storage unit shelves. A sticker with the words "Silver Room" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/37070/archive/files/5a6cdc22575e3cb2c2e48852331cda2c.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Hf8klKGXnCE3iNPLkh%7EPOpeRN4ngt4sZ%7EPUH%7EwH6skVT9QaHreNygnEVzkSvp3tOJc%7EBGEWcESAbOsVx%7E60hqJAqa7upO7kO1uVcVnmB8M1-fJgh-2D8HH%7EMMQ9U1hxuAIiEF0DcD-bPS4jiFtAXK-ELxIubVD1oFIPb7A%7EhuF6%7EWmJFt%7EsDqFVxT0OiJM%7Eor%7ElW5mF-pqdhwbWlgCoSK4x97ZESjrgCni2rxAFvrusXoS2-UZn-kBY3mYvrAFKEguvPFSprPXyRC8LggI0OCq%7EN0pyLNUiqPmK4l1zjIe%7EuzpIxzWFyi3w-dLrI09yYftuuR%7EzVdg51lItl-YEVQQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
d3ef2bab5cc9871e4ed3f1117c0a5879
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of an ice machine, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of an ice machine with one lid open. A sticker with the word "Ice Machine" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i022
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/37070/archive/files/62fa12f473f4fee25f7de3ce52591c9a.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=V6-H3rsyoSQAnqQaddcFGreCHIuJap0lvXCGRTII%7EdSakn1M93POvbeCf4HgbMl6vEtsPx1NIiCunIidBPKTXxYAUuZ6ESYazbFbnROxb3bANKKd%7El7whpPg72aHjhZDza%7EFGOWQ0ea1WJwpsIXimA4990W9PMzksuiMJ1mFhKUOE2IsQsuAVz8COfAPFL695MzFmQRLVbQmGXIzjfEXJ6M6jXQfzCuS4AfOGtLrPc8UmOQeNoot91iTOGt5zXHNrKb07YW5Y5heFBgbek6mNLxESpadVqvGvE-RXox9p%7EUbkBwItV4PgmxHtorAfrwiFxRAkaUHVPIg-lNJe6M9PQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
bdc3fd89fd1a24c2ca9a87904c8da827
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a service bar and glass storage area, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Glassware
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a service bar serving as a glass storage area. A sticker with the words "Service Bar and Glass Storage Area" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i021
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/37070/archive/files/8b184a44fc91bc24db1573794de0f54a.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=r0E3vIqnqtnE7P4JVyH9lw81Y%7EB%7Et70swTee%7EtmVBRBX2QAjPDBcBYJy%7EC8h1knwkVl6pckqxBPo4R1Y6LSirs-%7Eo4Yl-akR2MaRmfkhYpeI5f-lXCbDJ7sfq53YFpzw6efgjNh1ADe8cWlggcLPvb7V%7ES7l8f87z2M3dwCe%7E-mzlTIz5lgeYHVTHSq8MOv%7ESz9MQeB4jROBIERUZ4goF9e8QjZKvdI9cxoEeV5WnfgWHbpsnGyBcTcXAYyvjB6hF71XHeCt0wCA4sfvl3M1WKMydGuB6ssYZdqAwf3h5fVzvPiDdXXEHaDUYjsFW0gEtZYD1LADX1w4QIsgnNFjhQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
54b71969c20dd293272b65d1aad85259
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a man carrying dishes into a kitchen, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Kitchens
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a man carrying dishes into a kitchen. A sticker with the word "Bus Boy" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i020
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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d55ec4d4862a6665e90afd57e3e11cd8
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a man making pastries, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Baking
Kitchens
Pastry
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a man in a kitchen making pastries. A sticker with the word "Pastry Chef" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i019
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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3beee55f88e95b1875dc1302be662942
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a coffee service storage cart, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Coffee
Housekeeping
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a full coffee service storage cart. A sticker with the words "Housekeeping Coffee Service" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i018
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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b1f0ad3cc2eb1874208dbf97471e02f1
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a woman reaching for dishes, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Silverware
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a woman in a kitchen reaching for stored dishes. A sticker with the word "Steward" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i017
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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dc5989f75090cca5955d47a45473ad4b
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a utensil storage unit with shelves, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bedford (Mass.)
Black-and-white photography
Silverware
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a utensil storage unit with shelves. A sticker with the words "Silver Utensil Storage Area" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i016
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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50888db7d7b9e596b8d009ed15eb5ac2
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a manufacturing gum sheet, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Clothing factories
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a manufacturing gum sheet. A sticker with the word "Gum Sheet" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i015
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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e80807d4daeef37464d9d39f8b770244
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a bag of clothing product with gum sheet coupon, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Clothing factories
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a bag of clothing product with gum sheet coupons. A sticker with the words "Bundle with Ticket" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i014
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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d58a3f1fc39840be024e8216cb88032d
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of two women at a table with a Singer sewing machine, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Clothing factories
Clothing workers
Occupational training
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of two women at a table in front of a Singer sewing machine. One women is sitting in front of the machine and the other woman is leaning over the sitting woman's shoulder. A sticker with the words "Floor Lady" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i013
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a time clock and time card rack, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Occupational training
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a time clock and time cards in a rack. A sticker with the words "Time Clock" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i012
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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9450caa8c1b29dbd5de0055420299874
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of the outside of the ladies room, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bathrooms
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a door opening into the ladies' room. A sticker with the words "Ladies Room" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i011
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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a49832dffbfa6f1709d985d06093cedf
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a First Aid room, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
First aid
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a door opening into a First Aid room. A sticker with the words "First Aid Room" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i010
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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b4c0f952b2caef9febba92e299d9294a
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of the Hub Hosiery building, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Clothing factories
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of the Hub Hosiery building on 12 Perkins Street where the Lowell Lingerie Company was housed. A sticker with the words "Lowell Lingerie Co" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i009
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Hub Hosiery
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/37070/archive/files/be4c3b05e28a5e98e3dcd3b2f9cb4358.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=pJuZyNF4IcVGCQi2%7ED68cguU7T2R6zgXUsOLP0rXwZGfzQUMcQMHp3S1KDxf2j6PxRjx3YFdUGNjpX53zaqHl14Szwhi9kJLajSsEsuJ9RaV1fcjSh4TY3RLOPR3zdfA%7EYaiepiuAeL6ck6Ye4TCo6Ugp0ded5u5LOM8p1URN7WaIE5CJN7WAE8dXan3tdBGioNMQt6qrG9dvGMrpznPPCd6EsiCyK3CQXifkcEQ-H5ieu81Xuxt2qqOIpKPBY3t-E%7EJ-HySloTiwOQ1oc9NWR0UfqyCHghtgE%7EYfJGjxkVqSCrQ1PJADndguPQSmE5cIZv-KfPWOXcEAOomjZ65EA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
62331720cb2feef895f982d244ab4289
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a woman working at a table, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Clothing factories
Clothing workers
Occupational training
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a woman working at a table and looking at her hands. A sticker with the word "Labels" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i008
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of three young children smiling, [1981].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Photography of children
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of three young children smiling. Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. name and address is affixed to the bottom of the print.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1981]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 10.8x12.7
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f05_i002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
-
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PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a woman seated at a desk and talking on a phone, [1981].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a woman seated at an office desk and talking on a rotary dial telephone.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1981]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 12.6x8.6
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f05_i001
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
-
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6374f3960bf3aa90348c76471319c4b9
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of two women handling cloth and a bag, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Clothing factories
Clothing workers
Occupational training
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of two women handling cloth on a table. A sticker with the word "Service Girl" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i007
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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2766095633a1db95bbe5f602956d01fd
PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a woman speaking to people seated at a table, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Bedford (Mass.)
Occupational training
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a woman gesturing at a flip chart and speaking to a group of people sitting at a table. A sticker with the word "Teacher" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i006
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
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86470d6e854696829ffdabcb80d7ccb6
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of a man speaking to people seated at a table, [1982-1983].
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of a man standing by a flip chart and speaking to a group of people sitting at a table. A sticker with the word "Executive Steward" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Bedford Glen Hotel curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i005
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Bedford, Massachusetts
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Bedford (Mass.)
Occupational training
1980-1989
Photographs
Stouffer's Bedford Glen Hotel
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/37070/archive/files/c98a1de71b0c2b22e0dd72de3b3e9488.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=BLxZlEoBFrRZTxDAR4fxpsXLdN6TCd-1T2U9shv5SG90%7Eoq7YS%7EZ0DjbyLP%7EFskFmXHhus6LbkMvwJ-iZjDvY57if3IA6-H-mHWSr-eL6QN3YnnhZ14X64ElJ7ywDlgGXluQ2gSZTeOzyhfqm1L0R0bdV1x1kzj5hrSZ9Q6iUCAQBhpmLIcfv4VKbRQ25sYB7fdZ8FB0m5PvwxeOeHOc5yfMj2%7E%7ERC7rmvNjKljK31rqqBnfKA8mdiBs6ZZHeXvljgxTLu4eWWjoxe9Qm4%7EQ-eNpEDF%7EW-slkp63t-f3R4h7vqDpx%7EbR9c%7E0TaSyJpRQWO2FQDecIMog1tVObt0kFQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
fa4e55bd98de43d72a822ea85921396e
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of two people looking at clothing, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Clothing factories
Clothing workers
Occupational training
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of two people looking at clothing. A sticker with the word "1st Floor Supervisor" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 25.2x20.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i004
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of women looking at fabric, [1982-1983].
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of women at tables looking at fabric. A sticker with the word "Supervisor" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i003
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Clothing factories
Clothing workers
Occupational training
Language
A language of the resource
English
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs
-
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d082ad72868a67c7adf7c91ccd603065
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection, 1957-1996. UML 1. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
The Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. (IRF) provided services to Southeast Asian refugees that were resettling in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1980s, due to the ramifications of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge. This collection includes detailed reports, financial records, correspondence, and resources that reveal the extent of the IRF’s work assisting refugees and its members’ involvement in the Lowell community. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a>.<br /><br />Part of the collection is accessible on this site. <br />-------------------- <br />SEADA would like to thank the following individuals for their work in making this collection available online: Monita Chea, Soumeng Chea, Christian Hernandez, Julia Huynh, Sam Kong, and Vivien Zhuo.
Relation
A related resource
<span>The collection finding aid, </span><a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml1</a><span>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph of two women looking at lace, [1982-1983].
Subject
The topic of the resource
Black-and-white photography
Lowell (Mass.)
Clothing factories
Clothing workers
Occupational training
Description
An account of the resource
Photograph of two women at a table looking at lace. A sticker with the word "Lace Cutter" is affixed to the bottom right corner of the print. This photograph was most likely a part of the Lowell Lingerie curriculum.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Collection
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1982-1983]
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
1 photograph; 20.2x25.2
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml1_b20_f04_i002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
1980-1989
Lowell Lingerie Company
Photographs