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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Oral Histories, 2016
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Oral Histories, 2016. UML 4. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
Four oral history interviews with former staff and board members of the Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc., an organization that helped resettle Southeast Asian refugees in the greater Lowell, Massachusetts area during the 1980s. Oral histories were conducted with Jacqueline (Fidler) Moloney, Carol Keirstead, Elise Martin, Hai Pho, and Lan Pho. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml4">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml4</a>.<br /><br />The entire collection is accessible on this site.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Relation
A related resource
The collection finding aid, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml4</a>.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Jacqueline Moloney oral history interview audio recording, 2016
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community organization
English language--Study and teaching
Lowell (Mass.)
Nonprofit organizations
Occupational training
Political refugees
Refugee families
Refugee issues
Refugees--Southeast Asia
Refugees--United States
Social service
Unemployed--Services for
Oral history
Description
An account of the resource
The audio recording of an oral history with Jacqueline Moloney, current Chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Lowell, on her experiences as an Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. staff member during the late 1970s. Topics include programs, government policy, Southeast Asian refugees, and Lowell, Massachusetts.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Moloney, Jacqueline
Connerty, Kale
Ali, Mehmed
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Oral Histories, 2016
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016-02-11
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
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1 audio recording; 00:28:13
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
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Sound
Identifier
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uml4_16.01_i001
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
2010-2019
Cambodians
Highlands
Hmong
Indochinese Self-Help Program
International Institute of New England
Laotians
Sound recordings
Vietnamese
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f82828a26605b3fc76b38ad934d48056
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Text
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL
CENTER FOR LOWELL HISTORY
CENTER FOR ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES
ORAL HISTORY PROJECT
INFORMANT: JACQUELINE MOLONEY
INTERVIEWER: MEHMED ALI
KALE CONNERTY
DATE: 2/11/2016
J=JACKIE
A=ALI
K=KALE
A: Okay. This is interview with Jacqueline Moloney on February 11, 2016. And thanks again
Jackie for being here with us.
J: It’s great to be here.
K: Okay. So I guess I’ll just start with asking you about the Foundation, The Indochinese Refuge
Foundation. Do you know how and why it was established in Lowell?
J: Yes. Actually the Founders of the Indochinese Self-Help Foundation, one of them was a
member of the faculty here. His name was Hai Pho, and his wife’s name was Lan Pho. And they
were from Vietnam. And they had family in Vietnam during the fall of Vietnam, and were
instrumental in trying to create a kind of what they called at the time, Mutual Assistance
Associations to enable refugees who were fleeing from Southeast Asia to support each other in
the U.S. So they were very involved in the Refugee Resettlement Movement and they created
that Foundation to do that work.
K: Do you know what year that was?
J: What year they founded the Foundation? I’m trying to think of when I started working for
them. So I would say, I could give you roughly the late seventies, but I don’t have the actual
date.
K: And when did you start working there?
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�J: About 79.
K: 79? (J: Umhm) Okay.
A: So you started right at the very beginning Jackie?
J: It was pretty close to the beginning. I was their second Executive Director.
A: Okay.
J: And the first one, I don’t think she lasted that long. It was really hard work and there were a
lot of cultural differences in the way that you know, even for me when I took on that job I had
to make a lot of adjustments in the way that I thought about running a non-profit that surprised
me in my first couple of weeks there. And it quickly became a labor of love for me. And I knew,
and maybe because they had learned from the first director that they had, that it didn’t work at
all because she wanted to do things in a certain way and they knew that would not work with
this refugee population, which honestly we can talk about in a minute, surprised me. I mean
these were people who were being resettled in Lowell in very large numbers, very irresponsible
way. They were being dropped in the city. The resettlement agency who was resettling them,
it wasn’t the Indochinese Self-Help Group, but there were different resettlement agencies
across the country who were, they would be paid $500.00 a person to resettle a refugee. Now
in some places, you know, like in the Mid-West there were a lot of small towns. They would
take that money in the church say, and help a family to resettle in you know, wherever, Idaho.
So that was one model.
In a place like Lowell unfortunately there was a resettlement agency that would take many,
many families, take their money and place them in very inadequate housing with no training,
no ESL, no support services, you know, to the point where we were finding people. I would get
calls from the hospital or police and say, “We just picked up this family. They have no shoes.
They don’t speak a word of English. It’s the middle of winter. They’re walking on Merrimack
Street with no shoes on. What are you doing about that?” So we had to develop a pretty, you
know large scale, very fast-responding mobilize the community to care for this group of
refugees that were basically dumped in the city. And the city was not prepared for it. The
schools were not prepared. The hospitals were not prepared. There were no translators, no
interpreters anywhere.
And so that was, that was my first job. I rang the first round of interpreters in the city of Lowell
providing ESL classes and then where we could you know, helping families to resettle and you
know, distributing goods that we were collecting to the families themselves.
K: Those were the main services then?
J: Those were it, yah.
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�K: So during your time there, there was the Indochinese Self-Help Project, correct?
J: Yes.
K: So was that a separate function of the IRF?
J: So the IRF was broader than just Lowell. In fact a lot of their work was in Boston. So you
know I honestly didn’t have as much to do with them. They got funding, this Indochinese
Refugees Foundation got funding to do the Self-Help Project from the Resettlement Agency.
K: So the Self-Help Project is what offered those services?
J: Yes.
K: Okay.
A: And the IRF was, the Headquarters was not based in Lowell?
J: Honestly the, I wonder if the (--) It was a Board. A lot of the members were from Boston and
they would hold their meetings where we were housed, which was the International Institute.
But they had other meetings that I didn’t always go to all their meetings Mehmed. So they
might have had some in Boston.
A: Okay.
J: So they were a broader base, more of the, I would say established, you know, well
established. They weren’t refugees. These were Southeast Asians who were well established
who created this Foundation. You know, they would hold, I remember them holding fashion
shows, fundraisers, but it was really to help build their own ethnic community until this crisis
happened. And that’s when they got funding to help intervene in the city of Lowell.
K: As Director what were your main duties with the Self-Help Project?
J: Well it was everything. The chief, cook and bottle washer. I mean there were really only I (-) There were probably six of us. And so one was to run the, set up and run the ESL Program and
to get those refugees to the point where they could actually go into the Adult Education
Program. So you think about Fred Abisi and Adult Education, which they were totally opened to
helping these refugees, but they didn’t have the resources either. They were not prepared for
people who were you know, Laotian, Cambodian whose you know first language, the alphabet
didn’t even look like ours. I mean you come into Lowell now, it’s so much more diverse and
people coming from so many different countries, Lowell was really not prepared for this
generation of refugees that came here. So we set up that first ESL class. That was a big deal.
We did work with companies trying to get job placements. And then I had this whole group of
interpreters. And their work was to go to the hospitals to you know, I mean there were battles
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�over everything going into the schools. There are a lot of cultural issues where you know, a
woman would go into the birthing center at Lowell General, and Lowell General was not
equipped to deal with the cultural traditions of these women coming from Cambodia, or from
Laos. And the interpreters, I mean they could barely speak English you know. I remember my
first Cambodian interpreter really barely, barely could speak English. And they were the most
challenged community, because of course of the genocide that had happened. So there
weren’t a lot of educated Cambodian refugees who could even read and write.
So we had a lot of challenges to overcome. It certainly changed their way of looking, changed
my way of looking at life for sure. You know the things that you take for granted, and dealing
with people who were traumatized by the wars in their countries. You know the civil wars as
well as the Vietnam War. And so there’s a lot of suspicion that we had to overcome, a lot of
worry about an agency. It took me a long time to earn the trust and respect of those people.
And that was the biggest surprise for me to be honest. I just thought, well I’m here. I’ve got
English language for you. I can help you find a job. You know, we might have some silverware
for your kitchen. Why would you not welcome me into your home? Well trust me, they did
not. It took me a long (--) But I really worked at it. And you know things like, and of course to
add to it, at the time I was pregnant.
Well there are certain customs which were unbeknown to me. There’s a whole hierarchy in
their cultures of you know, gratefully teachers are very important in their culture, women was
not. You know that I would go literally into the family home and the women would sit behind
the men. And here I as a woman who was pregnant no less, we’re pregnant and you were just
supposed to stay home and not even go outdoors, and I’m this pregnant woman walking into
their home trying to help them. And they would, some of them would take it like she’s trying to
tell me what to do. So I had to be very careful and very respectful, and really learn the
protocol. Things like who goes out of the room first? That was my first confusing you know,
cultural episode when you know, my first meeting I would just walk out the door. And then I
realized I was really upsetting some of the elders and I learned how to gracefully bow out of the
room, or let them go first. If they were the elder you always give them the respect. If they
hand you something you take it with two hands. You don’t just take it with one. So all of these
small things to show them the respect coming from what they had come from was a big deal.
So it was everything you know. We had our first, the first death of that community. I
remember we were about six months into this, so I was in pretty good shape with the
community at that point. We had delivered a lot of food and silverware and done a lot of ESL,
and gotten jobs and intervened in a lot of emergency room people calling, saying, “You’ve got
to get someone down here. These people are all [unclear].” So we settled a lot of those kind of
things. So we had great trust at that point from the community. And we had a death, and it
was a young man I think he was probably 32, or 33. And there was a belief among the Lao
Hmong people who were more, much more tribal, but they were a whole group of people in
Laos that had been displaced because they had helped the CIA. So this was this whole group of
people who were taken from their very tribal culture, ethnic culture, and dropped in the city.
It’s very, very difficult. And this young man died and they felt it was from his home sickness.
4
�And they said that they would will themselves to death in a way, and that’s how they felt this
young man died.
Now of course here we go again. How do you bury him? They have all of these burial rituals. I
can remember bringing in the funeral directors into the International Institute and the city
health inspectors, and we had to meet and figure out how we were going to bury this young
man and respect their cultures, because it was even more traumatic that he had died this way.
And if we didn’t bury him the right way his spirit would wander forever. So that was on
everyone’s head, but there were all these city rules about you know, you have to cremate the
body first, not cremate it but what is it when you take the blood out of people? Do you know?
A: The embalming process?
J: Embalming. Yes, and when the embalming happened, that’s what it was. Oh boy trying to
resolve that! And to everyone’s credit in this city, you know, when I really learned to love this
city, because people figured it out and they made it work, and they made it right for that family.
And that fellow was buried the right way. And everybody changed everything that they were
doing to accommodate that. One small person’s life, you know I don’t think that would happen
everywhere. I know it wouldn’t. So it just, it really made me appreciate the compassion of the
people in this city and their inclination to really welcome people from diverse backgrounds, and
to try to find solutions rather than (--) I think in some cities they would have been so
overwhelmed. They would have said (--) We see it happening now and I understand it, in cities
in Europe where they’re saying stop. We can’t take any more of these refugees. You know, this
is overwhelming our community. Well this community was overwhelmed but people stepped
up. The school system stepped up. They hired teachers eventually. It took us some time, but
you know it was a challenging time.
K: You’re still working in Lowell here thirty years later. Do you think that working for the IRF
had any impact on your decision to stay involved in the Lowell Community?
J: Oh absolutely. Like I said, it was a life altering experience for me. And I was only there a
little over a year, but I never lost my tie with that community you know. It was just a
phenomenal experience. And I just described to you how it just changed my view of this city
and what the city is capable of doing, and has helped me to keep faith and focused. And having
been involved now in a lot of non-profits like Lowell General Hospital, now I’m on the board,
then I was taking people to the emergency room. Now I’m on the board. But I can tell you I
know that Lowell General Hospital really honors the diversity of people that come there, and
they’re well cared for. Lowell Community Health is there for that reason. And I just, I still see
how you know, this community embraced that community and really made it special for them.
I remember (--) Who? There was a special thing every year. It was before the Farmer’s Market
in downtown, but they would have these monthly whatever it is, some show or something
downtown Lowell, and they were so kind and reached out the Southeast Asian Community.
And these people were hurting. You know they left their countries with nothing. So culturally
like they didn’t have many of their clothes or their instruments; they didn’t even know who was
5
�the singer from there, how to find a singer, or dance, or how to do the dance. So we were kind
of coddling together the first Cambodian Dance Troupe.
K: That’s wonderful.
J: And I remember them performing in JFK Center and it was just really hard to pull that off. I
remember how hard they worked. And they’re calling their friend in Connecticut and their
friend in California. People are trying to ship stuff here. We were trying to coddle together
enough little outfits for the women to do the dance, and you know the different instruments.
And we coddled together that first group and there was such great pride in the community.
And I think for them it was also just bringing their culture here and having it back and be part of
who they were was very, very important for them. So it was nice to be a part of it.
A: Could you speak a little bit about the jobs program that the IRF had when you were there, if
you remember any details? Do you remember any?
J: I don’t. I know that we worked with a lot of companies and did entry level training. The ESL
was big, but beyond that I don’t really remember.
A: Okay.
J: Did you remember it?
A: Nope. I mean we found some of the companies in the photographs. Now I’ve forgotten. I
don’t know if you remember it.
K: Just kind of like linen work, or just working in like clothing factories, or anything like that.
There are a lot of pictures of people working.
J: Yeah, and you know, so we would arrange the transportation. And what’s funny to me is
now when I drive home I drive down Westford Street where of course a lot of the Southeast
Asians settled in the highlands. And you still see the buses, the vans going up that street and
dropping workers off at different plants. So you know, again, the plants were great. Of course
they loved these employees because they were very hard working.
K: So the building where you worked was 79 High Street, correct?
J: Yes, the International Institute.
K: What was that building like? Was it, is it still there? Is it, it changed right?
J: Well it’s still there. It got sold to a private residence. The International Institute moved. I
don’t even know where they are now. Do they even have a place in Lowell?
6
�A: Yes, because Derek Mitchell was in charge of it until recently.
J: Yes.
A: I think they’re at 144 Merrimack Street.
J: Okay.
A: But the building itself, what was?
J: It was a big old house. It was, you know, the International Institute was downstairs, but it
was perfect for us because they had a lot of space, actually classroom space. And there was an
apartment in the building, and they needed someone to take care of it. So we had our first
interpreter, the Cambodian interpreter who lived in the building. So it was great for them too.
So it was great shelter. It was a great building. There was a big beautiful opened room. And I
still remember the, on the cultural, what we had to overcome. You know, probably at this point
we were four months, it was before that death, and many of the people had not seen a monk
for a year or two and they were really desperate to see a monk. So we, they connected with
friends and somewhere in Connecticut, they had some other group in Connecticut and the
monk came. So we announced the monk. I felt like there must have been 250 people in this
room where there should have been 100 people. And the same thing happened. And then I
was standing there and now I’m eight months pregnant, and everyone in the room dropped to
the floor in honor of the monk, you know the bow and hitting the floor and prostrating
themselves. And I’m standing there and I’m thinking it’s me and the monk. I don’t know what
to do. I’m not going to drop to the floor because I’ll never get up. And you know it wasn’t my
religion. I wasn’t disrespectful to him, but I didn’t know what else to do. Nobody coached me
on that one Kale. I didn’t really know what to do. But we had a lot of moments like that, that
were so special and people were just I mean crying and so happy to have a monk among them
again. And to have their traditions back, and to be able to say their prayers, and it was very,
very nice to be a part of that. So that building really lent itself to those meetings, a special
place.
K: What were your reasons for leaving the IRF?
J: I was pregnant.
K: Yah, that’s what I figured.
J: I just mentioned that, and I was having my second daughter. You know, I never intended to
stay there. I didn’t know what I was getting myself into when I took on that job. I probably
wouldn’t have done it if I had known, because I knew they needed a longer term solution. But I
had hired a couple of people who were very involved as the teachers, and one of them in social
work is Carol Keirstead who kind of took over.
7
�K: She took over?
J: Yah. So that was great. It’s amazing the way things happen, but it’s funny they were very
concerned when I was leaving. And I was in labor and they did not want me to leave. And you
know, at this point my office would always have like fifteen, sixteen of the elder men because
they decided everything as a community. And they would sit in my office every day and they’d
you know, bring me all like ginger root. I was supposed to eat ginger root and this big (egg?).
And Alise Martin was a teacher then too. Do you know Alise?
A: Yeah Alise.
K: Umhm.
J: Yah, that worked at Middlesex and she was pregnant too. It was just unusual. And they
didn’t want me to leave. And I’m like, “I have to leave. I’m in labor. I’m going. Bye, I’m
leaving.” And I got to the hospital and I had my daughter. And the nurse came in to me the
next morning and said, “Excuse me Ms. Moloney, but you’re going to have to help us. There
are all these people out in the waiting room and they won’t leave!” [All laugh] The same elders
and their families out in the waiting room and they wanted to talk to me. They wanted to talk
to me. I just had this little (--) I’m like we don’t do that here. We’re not going to talk, but I had
to go talk to them and tell them I’m okay and I will come back. [Laughing] And you know, it
was just again, because they knew at the hospital too what had been going on because I had
been helping them with different patients that were being admitted there. So that’s why I left.
K: So over your time there it seems like it became a lot easier, they warmed up to you. What
do you think was the most important thing that you did in kind of helping build that
relationship?
J: You know I’m a big believer as you know, maybe you’ve heard about my feelings about
students is to empower people to have control over their lives. And I think that self-help
project blossomed beautifully and it was because you know, having those elders in the room
and helping them to build their own community, get their own temple, build their own dance
groups, their own churches, you know, to take care of themselves and become their own
leaders. I think that’s what it was all about. [Repeats] That’s what it was all about. And I
believe that Lowell is a testament to how you do refugee resettlement correctly, because so
many, that community is so strong here. They’re such a strong part of this community and look
at where the first Cambodian State Legislator in the country. I mean that is a lot to be proud of
for this city. And I just, so when I look around me and most of the South Asians don’t have any
idea who I am, or what happened back then, it doesn’t matter to me at all. It was an honor to
be a part of it.
A: Two more questions Jackie.
J: Sure.
8
�A: One, any stories about coworkers, colleagues, special people that were there with you
during that time?
J: Absolutely. The interpreters were amazing. They were amazing people. And you know, they
came, they were very different. We had a fellow who was a Vietnamese. He was a refugee in
some ways, but he is a very well-educated man who had a wonderful family. So he wasn’t
coming out of poverty, didn’t live in (--) He had a family to come to here. [Ja] Pho, he was Lan
and Hai, he was Lan Pho’s father.
A: Okay.
J: But he was such a gentleman. He didn’t want to have any special treatment. So when I met
him I didn’t know he was Lan’s father. He wanted me to treat him like any other interpreter,
and he wasn’t like any other interpreter. This was a very distinguished scholar, wonderful man,
so well educated, and he just wanted to be you know, acted like the other interpreters. And of
course it took us about a month, but gradually I let him know I really needed him to do more
than be just (--) I needed advice. I needed guidance. And so he was very special. And the
other interpreter [So Chet Urk] was a Cambodian interpreter. He’s the one who really could
barely speak English, had grown up as a farmer, but worked so hard to help his people. Just
didn’t sleep, didn’t sleep. Twenty-four seven these people were on the road, they were on call
and they were needed, and we needed them to do it. And their community needed them to do
it. And you know, I know, I’ve met So Chet’s son like as a student here at the University. And I
hadn’t been in touch with So Chet for twenty years. You know, and to see his son be a student
here, that’s a pretty special feeling. That’s a pretty special feeling. They were great people.
K: So do you see any similarities in your job today as Chancellor as with working with for the
IRF?
J: I do always, everything I’ve ever done in my career to me it’s about building community, and
a community that thinks about making the world a better place. So certainly in that sense yes.
I think that that job really sensitized me to what it means to help people who are in trauma,
who have been traumatized and who need really emergency, immediate, deep care. And but
the biggest part of that is that it has to be done with respect. So I feel like, you know, certainly
at the university we have students who come here who are in that situation, who need that
help. As a community I feel like my greatest pride in UMass Lowell is that we are certainly, you
know, it goes without saying we’re an excellent academic institution, right? We are excellent in
research that we do. We provide excellent academic programs. But I think what gives me the
greatest pride (--) My greatest pride is that we’re a compassionate community. We are
compassionate to each other. Students, every day, every day I hear a story of students helping
other students. That gives me great pride. Every day I hear about our staff. Somebody, you
know, their child has cancer, or they’ve gone through a divorce, or they lost a parent, or
whatever happened, people reach across and help each other here. And that is what I think
9
�makes this place so unique and so special, and so extraordinary. So you know, to the extent
that I brought some of that because of that experience, all to the good.
A: Well thank you Jackie very much.
K: That you so much.
M: That helpful I hope?
K: Yah it was.
A: Wonderful.
M: Good. Good. A special group.
Interview ends
jw
10
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Oral Histories, 2016
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Oral Histories, 2016. UML 4. Center for Lowell History, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Description
An account of the resource
Four oral history interviews with former staff and board members of the Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc., an organization that helped resettle Southeast Asian refugees in the greater Lowell, Massachusetts area during the 1980s. Oral histories were conducted with Jacqueline (Fidler) Moloney, Carol Keirstead, Elise Martin, Hai Pho, and Lan Pho. <br /><br />View the collection finding aid for more information, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml4">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml4</a>.<br /><br />The entire collection is accessible on this site.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Relation
A related resource
The collection finding aid, <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/uml4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://libguides.uml.edu/uml4</a>.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Jacqueline Moloney oral history interview transcript, 2016
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community organization
English language--Study and teaching
Lowell (Mass.)
Nonprofit organizations
Occupational training
Political refugees
Refugee families
Refugee issues
Refugees--Southeast Asia
Refugees--United States
Social service
Unemployed--Services for
Oral history
Description
An account of the resource
The transcript of an oral history with Jacqueline Moloney, current Chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Lowell, on her experiences as an Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. staff member during the late 1970s. Topics include programs, government policy, Southeast Asian refugees, and Lowell, Massachusetts.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Moloney, Jacqueline
Connerty, Kale
Ali, Mehmed
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Indochinese Refugees Foundation, Inc. Oral Histories, 2016
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016-02-11
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
UMass Lowell Library makes this material available for private, educational, and research use. It is the responsibility of the user to secure any needed permissions from rightsholders, for uses such as commercial reproductions of copyrighted works. Contact host institution for more information.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
10 p., 21.5 x 28
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
uml4_16.01_i002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Lowell, Massachusetts
2010-2019
Cambodians
Documents
Highlands
Hmong
Indochinese Self-Help Program
International Institute of New England
Laotians
Vietnamese